NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM ARCHIVE

(December 2023)

This article is a repository of articles and analyses that relate to earlier editions of the insurance coverage indicated above.

Archive Index
Overview	Overview Of The National Flood Insurance Program
Analysis	National Flood Insurance Program Limits/Rates
Special Analysis	Repetitive Loss Structures
Analysis	National Flood Insurance Program General Property Policy Coverage Analysis
Analysis	National Flood Insurance Program Standard (Dwelling Form) Policy Coverage Analysis
Special Analysis	Covering Surface Water and Flood Risks

OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM

(January 2022)

The massive financial resources needed to handle catastrophes such as floods are limited in the private sector. A single loss event may simultaneously affect hundreds or even thousands of homes and businesses. Further, the amount of damages suffered by each property owner is severe. Therefore, insuring flood damage has primarily been handled by the federal government which is considered an insurer of last resort. The job was accepted in earnest in 1968 with the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act, which had a twofold purpose:

· To provide insurance coverage to certain persons whose property has been substantially damaged by flooding

· To encourage communities to practice building and land use methods that help mitigate (ideally eliminate) damage from flood

COVERAGE

This insurance covers direct physical loss to insured property by flood. It also covers the reasonable expenses for sandbags, construction materials and even the human labor in handling the materials that are used to minimize damage to flood-imperiled damage. The reimbursement for labor uses the prevailing federal minimum wage. The maximum amount payable is the minimum building deductible amount applicable.

The Standard Flood Insurance Policy is designed to cover one- to four-family residences as well as their contents from flood damage. The policy will also protect tenants’ personal property and residential condominium unit-owners. In the latter instance, the policy can be used to insure a unit-owner's individual interest in the structure and in the building's common elements (areas that are jointly owned by all unit-owners).

Related Article: NFIP Standard Policy Coverage Analysis

The Residential Condominium Building Association Policy is available to insure the condominium association’s residential condominium building. A Flood Insurance Policy for General Property is available for non-residential structures and their contents, including commercial and manufacturing properties.

The NFIP Program also has a Preferred Risk Policy which is available to one- to four-family residential buildings that are located in flood zones not designated as high hazard (non-SFHA). The Preferred Risk Policy is not available for condominiums.

WAITING PERIOD

The NFIP uses a 30-day waiting period to avoid instances of arranging for flood insurance only when disaster is imminent.

Example: Harlan’s home is in the center of Parchleyville, which has been a participant in the NFIP for more than a decade. The last two weeks, after heavy rains, the large creek near the town has been threatening to spill over its banks. Harlan decides it’s a good time to visit his insurance agent and apply for flood insurance. The agent happily takes care of Harlan’s request but tells him that his policy won’t take affect for a month.

However, there is no waiting period when either new coverage is sought during the initial 30 days of a community entering the NFIP or when a new owner applies and pays for coverage before the closing of a mortgage loan.

EXCLUSIONS

The policy excludes losses caused by:

· Theft, loss of profits, fire, windstorm, wind, explosion, earthquake, land sinkage, land subsidence, landslide, land movement resulting from subsurface water accumulation, gradual erosion, or any other earth movement, except such mudslides or erosion as are covered under the peril of flood

· Rain, snow, sleet, hail, or water spray; or by freezing, thawing, the pressure or weight of ice or water, sewer backup or seepage of water unless the insured property has first been damaged by flood

· Water, moisture, or mudslide damage created by a condition confined to the insured building or that is within the insured's control

· A flood which is already in progress as of 12:01 A.M. of the first day of the policy term

· A flood which is confined to the insured premises unless the flood is displaced over two acres

· Modification to the insured property which materially increases the risk of flooding

· Intentional actions by the insured or a member of the household

· Power, heating, or cooling failure (unless the system was directly damaged by a flood)

· Flooding of property leased from the federal government when the flooding is caused by the federal government

DEBRIS REMOVAL COVERAGE

The policy covers expenses for removing debris of or on the covered building or contents covered. But this coverage is provided as part of the policy’s insurance limits and is NOT additional coverage.

PROPERTY NOT COVERED

A Standard Flood Insurance Policy is designed to provide basic protection to contents. Therefore, similar to other types of policies that protect buildings and property, it has a laundry list of items that do not qualify for coverage. Essentially, it does not cover items that are not feasible for coverage under the program nor does it act as a source of, possible, redundant protection that is already provided by standard commercial property and residential property forms.

National Flood Insurance Program General Property Policy Coverage Analysis

National Flood Insurance Program Standard (Dwelling Form) Policy Coverage Analysis

DEDUCTIBLES

A loss deductible applies separately to each building loss and personal property loss. The minimum policy deductible is $500 for each loss to building and contents. Under the NFIP Emergency Program, a minimum $750 deductible applies to each building loss and personal property loss.

MORTGAGEE INTEREST

If the flood policy is canceled for non-payment of premium (the only grounds for company cancellation), coverage will stay in force for 30 days after the cancel date in order to protect the insurable interest of the mortgagee (or trustee). The mortgagee (or trustee) also has the right to submit a proof of loss when it is notified that the insured has failed to do so. The other applicable policy obligations and provisions then apply to the mortgagee.

OTHER INSURANCE

The company is not liable for a greater proportion of any loss, less the amount of deductible, from the peril of flood other than the amount of insurance the policy bears to the whole amount of (primary) flood insurance covering the property regardless of whether the insurance is collectible. If the total amount of primary flood insurance on a covered property exceeds what is allowed under the National Flood Insurance Act, the company’s proportion of coverage is based on the TOTAL amount of insurance allowed. In certain instances, the insured may request a partial refund of coverage. Other insurance considerations may become more of an issue with the developing private flood insurance market.

IN EVENT OF LOSS

Payment of any loss under a flood Insurance policy does not reduce the insurance applicable to another separate loss during the policy term. Losses from a continuous or protracted occurrence are considered to be a single occurrence. An insured’s responsibilities after a loss (reporting a loss, proof of loss, cooperating with insurer, etc.) are quite similar to provisions found in other, standard commercial and residential property policies.

An insured under a flood policy can’t file a legal action against the company until he or she has complied with every applicable policy provision. If a suit is filed, it has to be done within 12 months of the day after being notified that all or part of a claim has been rejected.

National Flood Insurance Program General Property Policy Coverage Analysis

National Flood Insurance Program Standard (Dwelling Form) Policy Coverage Analysis

CANCELLATION PROVISIONS

A flood insurance policy may be canceled at any time at the request of the insured. However, the premium paid for the remaining policy term is fully earned if the insured retains an interest in the covered property. Considering the premium to be fully earned removes an incentive for persons to just carry coverage during parts of the year that are storm or flood prone. The NFIP provides a form for insurers that list valid, company-requested cancellations.

OTHER ASPECTS OF THE NFIP

WRITE YOUR OWN (WYO)

The Write Your Own (WYO) Program is a cooperative effort between the insurance industry and the Federal Insurance Administration. WYO allows participating insurance companies to write and service the Standard Flood Insurance Policy in their own names but is still subject to all of the NFIP’s rules and regulations. Participants receive an expense allowance for policies written and claims processed while the Federal government retains responsibility for underwriting losses. An insurance producer has the options of placing flood insurance directly with the NFIP Servicing Agent, or with one or more WYO companies. Each WYO Company determines its own procedures for developing and compensating its agents.

COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM

The Community Rating System (CRS) was created by the Flood Insurance Administration (FIA) to provide insurance rate credits for voluntary flood mitigation projects that exceed the NFIP's minimum requirements for floodplain management. Under the CRS program, qualifying projects can include future flood reduction measures for existing structures, construction of new buildings, and campaigns to increase community awareness about flood insurance.

MORTGAGE PORTFOLIO PROTECTION PROGRAM

The Mortgage Portfolio Protection Program helps mortgage lenders review their loan portfolios and identify properties in special flood hazard areas (SFHA). The homeowner is notified and then required to buy a flood insurance policy. If the owner buys insurance, the lender is permitted to place flood insurance on the property. Force placing flood coverage is to be done as a last resort.

Note: A mortgagor must disclose the need for insurance to the borrower, provide information regarding the necessary amount of insurance, and provide information on the applicable property’s flood zone.

Related Article: NFIP Flood Zone Explanations

REPETITIVE LOSS STRUCTURES

Repetitive Loss Structures are properties (located nationwide) that the NFIP has identified as having suffered substantial, repeated flood losses. The NFIP created this category due to the elevated level of loss represented by a relatively small group of properties. These properties are now segregated and monitored after placement in a special facility. The program has had some effect on this group of out-sized flood exposures.

Related Article: Repetitive Loss Properties

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM LIMITS/RATES

(January 2022)

EMERGENCY PROGRAM

Residential Coverage
1-4 Family Dwelling	$35,000
Other Residential	$100,000
Contents (per unit)	$10,000

Non-residential Coverage
Non-residential	$100,000
Contents (per unit)	$100,000

EMERGENCY PROGRAM ANNUAL RATES

(Per Hundred Dollars)

Structure Type	Building	Contents
Residential	1.04	1.31
Non-Residential	1.13	2.22

REGULAR PROGRAM

Building Coverage
1 Family Dwelling	$250,000 - ($60,000 Basic - $190,000 Add'l)
2-4 Family Dwelling	$250,000 - ($60,000 Basic - $190,000 Add'l)
Other Residential	$250,000 - ($175,000 Basic - $75,000 Add'l)
Non-Residential	$500,000 - ($175,000 Basic - $325,000 Add'l)

Contents Coverage (per unit)
Residential	$100,000 - ($25,000 Basic - $75,000 Add'l)
Non-Residential	$500,000 - ($150,000 Basic - $350,000 Add'l)

Increased Cost of Compliance (ICC) Coverage

Under the Standard Flood Insurance Policy, up to $30,000 in additional coverage is available for the cost to:

· elevate,

· floodproof,

· demolish, or

· relocate

a covered building.

The increased cost must relate to complying with local or state flood laws or ordinances. ICC coverage, which is handled separately from a regular flood claim, may also be triggered if the damaged property is classified as a repetitive loss structure.

Related Article: Repetitive Loss Structures

REPETITIVE LOSS STRUCTURES

(January 2022)

Most of the NFIP’s policyholders live in the areas of the United States of America that are most prone to flooding: coastal and riverfront property. Flooding, being a catastrophic peril, results in substantial loss whenever and wherever it occurs. Although flood coverage is provided by the federal government, it is still critical that resources allocated to respond to losses be used carefully.

Throughout its history, the NFIP has been seriously affected by the level of loss payments it has made more than once to repair or replace certain properties. These properties are called Repetitive Loss Structures (RLSs) and they represent both a severity and a frequency exposure to the NFIP. In order to have a grasp of how the program was affected, a study was performed by the Congressional Research Service (a branch of the Library of Congress). The study revealed that, over the life of the NFIP program, 1% of the NFIP policies represented RLSs and that group accounted for 30% of the program’s losses. The study also identified several major contributors to RLSs, including:

RLSs typically involve older properties that received grandfathering. In other words, NFIP flood mitigation rules and requirements don’t apply to such structures since they existed prior to the establishment of the programs. So, the premiums charged for such properties are heavily subsidized rates.
RLSs that suffer only partial losses (less than 50% of their value) do not have to be rebuilt according to floodplain management standards that apply to “substantially damaged” properties. Therefore, their vulnerability to future flood losses is maintained. This creates both a severity and a frequency problem.

Repetitive Loss Structure Mitigation Strategy

The NFIP created a program to specifically address the disproportional exposures caused by RLSs. The program now has established a set of procedures to handle them. The NFIP, through careful study of its loss data, originally identified roughly 11,000 properties. The properties, because of their high loss exposure, were placed in NFIP Special Direct Facility (SDF). The properties meet one of the following criteria:

The property has received at least four loss payments exceeding $1,000
The property has experienced two losses within any ten-year period and the total payment exceeds that property's current value

Example: Don's home in Hi-Waterz Park is insured by a standard property flood policy. The home is insured for its current value of $97,500. The home was severely damaged by flooding in June 2008 ($44,000 paid) and May 2016 ($61,700) paid. Because the home experienced two major losses in a ten-year period and since the total loss payments ($105,700) exceed the home's current value, it is placed in the SDF.

The property had, in its history (since 1978), three or more loss payments that, collectively, exceed the property's current value.

Example: Jamie's restaurant in Flowington Flats is insured by a general property flood policy. The business is insured for its current value of $223,000. The restaurant was severely damaged by flooding in April 2005 ($113,000 paid), March 2011 ($81,000 paid) and April 2018 ($92,000 paid). Because the restaurant experienced three major losses with a total payout ($286,000) that exceed its current value, it is placed in the SDF.

Under NFIP procedures, an RLS can only receive flood insurance as part of the SDF. The purpose is three-fold:

1. The SDF is a way to closely monitor the group of policies that, by far, represents the NFIP's largest exposure to on-going loss

2. The program intends to put pressure on these policyholders to take advantage of actions that will either mitigate future loss or ideally remove the risk from the SDF.

3. Higher premiums are used for risks in the SDF, assisting in the effort to make the coverage provided under the NFIP justified actuarially.

Since the program’s implementation, RLS numbers have been reduced, though, via annual review of NFIP policies; new RLSs are identified and placed in the program.

National Flood Insurance Program General Property Policy Coverage Analysis

Introduction

The General Property form opens with a statement that coverage is barred from applying to either a residential condominium building or an individual condo unit (an exception is made for personal property). The exclusion merely makes this form dovetail with the program's dwelling and residential condo policy forms.

I. Agreement

The insuring agreement obligates the policy to pay for direct flood losses that damage covered property. The coverage is contingent upon the policyholder having provided accurate underwriting (application and/or loss) information, compliance with applicable policy provisions and, naturally, payment of the policy premium. The policy is subject to review at any point of time and, if merited by such a review, the policy may be revised.

II. Definitions

The General Property Form defines the following terms in applying its coverages and provisions:

A. You and Your – the parties appearing in the policy’s declarations page. It also includes mortgagees and loss payees who appear on the application and declarations. Mortgagees and loss payee who are not listed but can prove their financial interest in the covered property at the time of loss are also insureds.

We, Us, our – refers to the insurer providing the flood coverage.

Flood – refers to:

1. Normally dry areas that have temporarily been covered in whole or in part by any of the following:

· Overflowing inland or tidal waters,

· An accumulation of water that is both rapid and unusual.

· Surface water runoff that comes from any source. (Heavy rains could be a source)

· Mudflows (a separately defined term)

However, the incident is a flood only if one or both of the following occur:

· Two or more normally dry acres are inundated

· Two or more properties are inundated with at least one belonging to the named insured.

2. The collapse or subsidence of shores. However, the collapse or subsidence must be due to the action of flood-level water, such as erosion or be due to an waves or currents that exceeds anticipated levels due to overflow of inland or tidal waters.

Example: The residents of Grunge Village Shops were dismayed by the sight of water crashing along their mall streets and into their businesses. They were even more dismayed when they found out that the water damage was not covered by their flood policies. The water was from Grunge Tide Bay and occurred because of a partial collapse of the shoreline. The collapse, however, was caused by the weight of the Grunge Tide Retail Outlet, which was built next to the man-made bay. The construction company ignored the warning of an engineer that this type of earth would support the bay, but not the large, cement-walled building. The collapse of the building also destroyed part of the shore, releasing half of the bay’s waters

B. The following are additional terms used throughout the policy.

1. Act

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 as well as any and all changes made to the Act since its introduction.

2. Actual Cash Value

The full replacement cost of an item, minus the amount of physical depreciation that exists at the time a covered loss (flood) occurs.

3. Application

The written statement the insured person completed and signed (or which has been signed by an agent) for the purpose of getting a flood policy and which the insurer relied upon to issue the coverage and to determine the policy premium.

Note: The application is considered part of the policy, so any inaccurate statements may, if discovered, either alter the premium or, more seriously, void coverage.

4. Base flood

This is determined by community or area. The flood that becomes the standard of measurement for a covered occurrence. Specifically, the flood that has a probability of one percent of being either equaled or exceeded during a given calendar year.

5. Basement

ANY area of a covered building that has a floor that is below ground level (subgrade) on all sides.

Note: It is important to understand that absolutely any area that is subgrade on all sides is, by policy definition, a basement; this applies even if the area is a sunken portion of a ground level floor or even if the area is completely “finished.”

Example: The Ropers' home is a tri–level. The middle level, which holds the kitchen, living room and family room, is about 4 feet under the surrounding land's grade. The bottom level is even lower. The middle level and the bottom level are both, based on the flood policy definition, basements.

6. Building

As far as the flood policy is concerned, any of the following are considered building:

· A structure that has two or more rigid walls that are on the outside to which a roof is secured. It must be permanently attached to its site.

· A structure built on a chassis and transported to the site in one or more parts. When it arrives at its site it must be attached to a permanent foundation. This could be called either a mobile home or a manufactured home.

· A travel trailer on a chassis but attached to a permanent foundation. It cannot have wheels. It must be subject to an applicable community's floodplain and construction regulations.

It’s important to realize that gas or liquid storage tanks, recreational trailers as described above and recreational vehicles DO NOT qualify as buildings that are eligible for coverage under the flood policy.

7. Cancellation

Coverage that terminates before the policy’s ending date.

8. Condominium

Any multi-unit residential structure where the single units are individually owned and the group of owners share interest in the building’s outer structure and common property areas.

9. Condominium Association

An entity where all the members are individual unit owners, share interest in certain structures and rights in the use of certain property or areas and that membership in the entity is a requirement.

10. Declarations Page

The policy coverage page that summarizes the coverage provided by the policy and includes the identifying information on the insured and the covered property as supplied by the policy application.

The definition states that the declarations must be computer–generated, which means that handwritten or typed declarations would not qualify as declaration pages.

Note: This is an important fraud prevention step. Often flood is not desired until flooding is imminent so some individuals might be tempted to hand write or type declarations just before (or just after) a flood has occurred and back date it appropriately.

11. Described Location

The site that contains the structural or personal property that is covered by the flood policy. It must be shown on the declarations.

12. Direct Physical Loss by or From Flood

An insured property loss or damage that is caused directly by flooding. Physical changes to the property must be demonstrated.

13. Elevated Building

Any building with its lowest floor existing above the ground. The lowest floor may be supported by walls (foundation or shear), posts, piers, or similar items. There can be no basement.

14. Emergency Program

The first phase for a community that has begun the process of joining the NFIP. Only limited flood coverage is available under the ACT during this (essentially a probationary) period.

15. Expense Constant

The policy expense fee portion of the flood insurance premium. The fee covers the government’s expenses that relate to flood insurance.

16. Federal Policy Fee

A fixed amount that is charged each policy term to pay for government flood program costs that are NOT covered by the expense constant. These are non-refundable.

17. Improvements

Any additional structural features that are part of a covered building.

18. Mudflow

A liquefied flow of mud that is moving over normally dry areas, but it does not include other types of earth movement.

19. National Flood Insurance Program

The flood coverage and land management program originally authorized and subsequently amended as the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and currently administered based on Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter B.

20. Policy

The set of documents including the actual flood policy, declarations page and application, as well as any endorsements or renewal certificates. Only the one building that is described in the application can be insured under a policy.

Note: This means that multiple policies are required for multiple buildings.

21. Pollutants

Any substance that is a solid, liquid, gaseous or thermal irritant or contaminant. Smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals, or waste are all examples of such irritants/contaminants. The term waste includes not only disposed material but also materials that are to be recycled, reconditioned, or reclaimed.

Example: The Taylors’ restaurant is insured by a General Property Flood policy. A local flood results in 6 inches of water standing in their business. However, after the water recedes, they discover that several gallons of paint that had been in storage burst and covered most of the floors and lower wall areas. The paint spill is deemed a pollutant.

22. Post–FIRM building

A building that was started, built, or experienced substantial improvement after either 12/1/74 or the date that its community’s initial FIRM (Flood Insurance Rate Map) became effective. The later of the two dates apply.

23. Probation Premium

An additional flat charge that’s made every term for a policy when it is covering a property located in a community that has been placed under probation. In essence, it is a premium surcharge that results from any deficiency that created the probation action.

24. Regular Program Community

Any community that has a FIRM and has full flood coverage available at regular premiums.

25. Residential Condominium Building

A building that belongs to a condominium association IF at least 75% of the building’s floor area is residential.

26. Special Flood Hazard Area

An area that is particularly vulnerable to flood damage AND which is designated with a special zoning code on either a Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM) or a FIRM.

Special Flood Hazard area (zones)
A	A1–30	A99
AE	AH	AO
AR	AR/A	AR/A1–A30
AR/AE	AR/AH	AR/AO
V	VE	V1-V30

Note: Special Flood Hazard Area Zone VO no longer appears.

27. Stock

Finished, in-process or raw materials (including supplies) that is in storage. It may be intended to be sold. Items that are listed as Property Not Covered are not covered as stock except for the following:

· Self-propelled vehicle parts and equipment (but not the vehicles themselves)

· Watercraft furnishings and equipment (but not the watercraft itself)

· Spas, hot tub, and equipment to be used with either

· Equipment used with swimming pools (but not the swimming pools)

28. Unit

A single unit that is part of a condominium building.

29. Valued policy

A policy that has a limit of insurance that was determined as a mutually agreed-upon amount to be paid if the insured suffers a total loss.

Under this definition the statement is made that “The Standard Flood Insurance Policy is not a valued policy.”

III. Property Covered

A. Coverage A – Building Property

This section describes the type of structural property that qualifies for coverage under the general property flood policy. Direct physical damage loss to the following items is covered but only if the damage is due to flood.

1. The building must be described in the policy's declarations and exist at the location described in the declarations. If the described building is a condominium and the named insured is the condominium association, then all of the units within that building are covered but only those that are commonly owned. Improvements within the condominium units are also covered.

2. Building property that has been moved to another location in order to protect it from flood loss (as described in III.C.2.b) is covered at that location for a maximum of 45 days.

Example: Klamsdale Bakery is covered by a General Property Flood policy. On June 10^th, the business district where the bakery is located experiences flooding from an overflowing river. Klamsdale's owner moves a new, 14-Pan Proof Box out of the bakery to a friend's storage area. That equipment will remain eligible for coverage at the temporary location until July 24^th.

3. Additions and Extensions

Parts of an eligible building that have been added or that extend the property can be covered as part of the building to which they are attached or as a separate structure. This option is available only IF the addition or extension is connected by a rigid exterior wall, stairwell, roof, elevated walkway, or load-bearing interior wall. If the addition/extension is connected by a non-load bearing interior wall, it is part of the building to which it is connected and may not be separately covered. The ability to separately insure an extension could be important if the maximum coverage available is not enough to cover both the extension and the building to which it is attached.

4. Fixtures, Machinery and Equipment

This portion of Coverage A extends coverage to the following:

Awnings/Canopies	Central Air Conditioners	Furnaces	Antennas/aerials attached to buildings	Permanently installed mirrors
Blinds	Elevator Equipment	Freezers – Walk-in Type	Pumps and accessories	Permanently installed cabinets, bookcases, cupboards, paneling and wallpaper
Carpet (IF installed over unfinished flooring)	Fire Extinguishing Devices (including sprinklers)	Light Fixtures	Ventilating equipment

Other items eligible for coverage as building property are built-in dishwashers, microwave ovens, garbage disposals, water heaters, cabinets, plumbing, radiators, ranges, refrigerators, ands stoves IF they are installed in a unit that is located in a covered building.

5. Materials and Supplies

When such property is intended for building onto, or repairing the covered building, it also qualifies for protection against flood damage. However, the protection exists ONLY IF the material is stored in an enclosed building that MUST meet the flood policy’s definition of “building.” The materials must be in an eligible building that meets either of the following requirements:

· Located at the covered address

· At a location that’s next to the covered address.

6. A building in the course of construction before it is walled and roofed may qualify for coverage if the loss occurs during the time that work is being performed on the structure. This exception exists even when work is temporarily halted but that interruption can be for no more than 90 days.

This item does not apply to all structures. If the lowest floor in a non-elevated building or the lowest elevated floor of an elevated building does not meet the following criteria, the building is not covered until it is walled and roofed.

The criteria are determined by flood zone.

A	A1–30	A99	Must not be below the base flood elevation
AE	AH	AO	Must not be below the base flood elevation
AR	AR/A	AR/A1–30	Must not be below the adjusted wave action effect base flood elevation
AR/AE	AR/AH	AR/AO
V1–30	VE	V	Limitation does not apply

7. A manufactured home or travel trailer

Such property is eligible for coverage; however, special restrictions apply when the property is located in areas designated as especially vulnerable to flooding. The property must be anchored based on one of the following:

· Using over-the-top or frame ties to ground anchors

· According to the specifications of the manufacturer

· Based on the community’s floodplain management requirements. This item is waived if the building has been continuously covered under the NFIP since 9/30/82.

8. Property Located in Lower-Levels

a. Certain items that are located in basements or in the lowest level of an elevated post-FIRM building qualify for coverage. Eligibility depends on whether the property is installed where functionally intended and, if applicable, is connected to a proper power source. The eligible property includes:

Cisterns and sump pumps	Drywall for basement	Central Air Conditioners	Junction and breaker boxes
Electrical outlets/switches	Newer elevators, dumbwaiters, and equipment	Fuel, fuel tanks	Furnaces, water heaters
Heat pumps	Nonflammable insulation	Solar energy system pumps/tanks	Attached stairwells/stairways
Water softeners, filters, and faucets	Well water tanks/pumps	Utility connections	Foundation structures that support a covered building

Note: The limitation applies only if the elevated post-FIRM building is located in one of the following zones – A1-A30, AE, AH, AR, AR/A, AR/AE, AR/AH, AR/A1-30, V1-V30 or VE. It applies to all basements regardless of zone.

b. Coverage also extends to related clean-up costs involving the above items.

COVERAGE B – Personal Property

This section concerns personal property.

1. Personal property is eligible for coverage when either of the following apply:

a. It is owned by the named insured. If the named insured is a condominium association, personal property must be owned by the association and used solely for condo association activity.

b. The unit-owners in a condo association own it in common.

Example: The Flufferville Condo Association has two personal property items listed among their flood damage property: a popcorn machine and a mahogany wardrobe. The popcorn machine is owned by the association. The wardrobe is jointly owned by all unit-owners. After a loss investigation, the damage to the popcorn machine is not paid, while the wardrobe loss is. As it turns out, the popcorn machine was rented out to local non-profits for their fundraisers. This was not considered condo association activity. The wardrobe was covered even though it was used to advertise a single condo member’s furniture store because there is no requirement that jointly owned property be used solely for condo association activity.

Eligible personal property that has been moved to another location in order to protect it from flood loss is covered at that location for a maximum of 45 days.

2. Selection of covered personal property

When the general property policy covers personal property, the insured must make a choice. The form may either protect household personal property or business personal property. The policy's protection is mutually exclusive. Further, in order to qualify for coverage, such property must be within a covered building.

a. If household property protection is selected, coverage applies to property belonging to the named insured, the named insured's family and, at the named insured's discretion, similar property that belongs to guests or domestic workers. Other eligible property includes items for which the named insured has a legal obligation to protect. The coverage maximum is controlled by the policy’s insurance limits.

b. If "other than household" property protection is selected, then coverage applies to furniture, fixtures, stock (as defined in the policy), machinery, equipment and other business-related property owned by the named insured.

Note: The other business-related property is subject to the policy’s Property Not Covered Section.

3. Property eligible for coverage under the General Property Policy includes:

Ovens, ranges, and similar appliances	Air Conditioners (installed within the covered building)	Washing Machines	Dryers	Cook-out Grills
Freezers (except walk–in freezers)	Outdoor Furniture and equipment - IF stored inside a covered building	Portable Dishwashers and Microwave ovens	Carpets-not Permanently Installed	Frozen Food

Example: Fiona's Health Togs is insured under a General Property Policy. She chose to protect her business personal property. During the policy period, flooding destroys most of her personal property. Specifically, she suffers the following losses:
Item	Located	Covered?
Fax/copier	Inside store	Yes– business personal property
Window Unit Air Conditioner	In window of exercise room that's attached to her store	No–doesn't qualify as business personal property
Warm up suits on a portable rack	On sidewalk outside of store	No–was not kept inside a covered building

4. Personal Property Located in Lower-Levels

Certain items that are located in basements or in the lowest level of an elevated post-FIRM building qualify for coverage. Eligibility depends on whether the property is installed where functionally intended and, if applicable, is connected to a proper power source. The eligible property includes air conditioners that are portable or window units, washers, dryers, food freezers that are not walk–in models and frozen food that is kept in a covered freezer.

Note: When not located in a basement, lowest level property is eligible only when located in buildings in zones A1-A30, AE, AH, AR, AR/A, AR/AE, ARAH, AR/A1-30, V1-V30 or VE.

5. Special Limits

The General Property Policy has a modest $2,500 limit for certain types of high-value, highly vulnerable personal property. The $2,500 amount is the maximum that will be paid for any flood damage involving artwork, rare books, autographed items, jewelry, watches, precious metals, any article in which fur is the principal value of the article, collectibles/memorabilia (sports cards, comic books, etc.)

Example: Andra Well-off suffers the following loss (and settlement):
Item	Value
A first edition of Moby Dick	$600
An ermine-trimmed belt	$300
A jade necklace	$1,900
A (miniature) self-portrait of Toulouse-Lautrec	$3,200
Total	$6,000
Total Settlement	$2,500

6. Antique Limitation

For all intents, antiques are treated the same as regular property. The General Property Policy pays losses involving such property according to its functional value.

Example: Jerry loses two file cabinets during a recent flood. Both were the same size. Cabinet one was bought last month from OfficeWorld for $85 and the other was handed down from his grandparents. It was built circa 1900 and was last appraised at $2,300. His policy paid him $80 apiece.

7, Improvements – Tenants

Tenants who make structural improvements to a covered building even though they will not be allowed to remove the improvements, may use a maximum of 10% of their personal property coverage limit to cover those improvements. Any amount used to protect an improvement reduces coverage available for other personal property.

8. Coverage Extension – Condo Unit Owners

Insureds who are single-unit condo owners can use a maximum of 10% of their personal property coverage limit to handle losses to interior walls, floors, and ceilings. However, any amount used in this manner reduces the amount available on a given claim.

Note: This option is not available when the described property is protected by a condo building policy issued to a condo association.

9. Enclosed Property – Tenants

In order to qualify for coverage, tenant-owned property must be located within an enclosed building.

Coverage C – Other Coverages

The General Property Flood Policy offers additional coverages.

1. Debris Removal

Losses normally include many instances of insured property being covered in debris. Coverage C’s coverage intent is to reimburse an insured for the expense of picking up and disposing of the debris. The coverage will pay for handling:

· Any foreign (not owned by the named insured) debris that is laying on the described premises

· Debris of insured property wherever it may be

· The labor cost of an insured or insured household who performs any debris removal. The payment is according to the applicable, federal minimum wage.

This is not additional insurance. Any payment made under Coverage C reduces amounts available to pay for losses under Coverages A and B.

2. Loss Avoidance Measures

This coverage reimburses the named insured for the following expenses related to mitigating or preventing a flood threat. These are not additional amounts of insurance but are sublimits that reduce the limit of liability available to pay for flood damage.

a. Sandbags, Supplies and Labor

A maximum of $1,000 if available for the cost of sandbags; fill materials to create a temporary levee; pumps; plastic sheeting, lumber, and the related labor costs. The labor costs use the prevailing federal minimum wage in determining the value.

The policy requires that the insured building actually face possible flood damage. In order to be reimbursed, the local authorities must have issued an evacuation order or the area around the covered location and the location must have evidence of flood damage.

Editor's note: The additional requirements seem somewhat strict considering that its purpose is to encourage mitigation, the coverage amount is very modest and any reimbursement reduces the policy's available coverage limit.

b. Property Removed to Safety

The policy also provides a maximum reimbursement of $1,000 for expenses related to removing eligible property from a location that is threatened by flooding. The cost of moving a moveable home is included in this item. The property that has been removed is eligible for coverage away from the described location for up to 45 days from the removal date. However, the new property location must either be above-ground or out of any special flood hazard area (as defined by the policy).

3. Pollution Damage

This coverage has a limit of $10,000. However, any payment reduces the policy's coverage limit. It responds to loss caused by pollutants that are released from the described location due to flooding. It is a first party coverage, applying only to pollutant damage to covered property.

Note: This coverage does NOT extend to costs an insured faces to test for or monitor the presence of pollutants unless the insured must do so to comply with either a law or ordinance.

Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance

1. General

The General Property Flood Policy provides coverage to address some costs incurred to conform to state and local requirements involving repairing or rebuilding covered property that was damaged or destroyed by flood. Any payment is required to be related to qualified activities such as floodproofing, relocation and demolition. These activities are covered ONLY for residential structures that have acceptable basements as defined in the FEMA regulations and for nonresidential structures.

2. Limit of Liability

If and only if a flood policy includes protection under Coverage A, a total of $30,000 is provided under this provision to handle flood program compliance issues. The compliance costs must be associated with requirements under the flood act and the $30,000 maximum applies regardless how it may be provided under Coverage A and or Coverage D. No deductible applies for a Coverage D claim.

3. Eligibility

a. A qualifying structure must meet a number of NFIP program requirements.

(1) It must qualify as a repetitive loss structure. Besides being covered under a NFIP policy, it must have suffered covered flood losses a minimum of twice in the ten years immediately prior to the last reported claim. In addition, the following must be met:

· The previous loss amounts must have, at least, been equal to 25% of the covered structure's market value

· The community where the losses occurred must be enforcing a law that is equal to the cumulative or substantial damage provision that is encoded in its floodplain management law

(2) If not meeting the standards under a. (1), a structure that experienced flood damage equal to or greater than 50% of its market value. The market value used is based on the value of the structure at the time of the previous flood loss. Again, a state or community must be exercising its own cumulative or substantial damage provision against the structure.

b. Coverage D will also pay for compliance expenses to meet the NFIP’s minimum standards as stated in the Code of Federal Regulations. Payment may also be made for expenses to meet standards that are higher than those required by NFIP regulations if they exceed:

(1) The standards listed above in item 3.a. (1)

(2) The increase in cost of elevation or floodproofing that is needed to have a damaged home comply with FEMA base flood elevations in any risk zone. However, the cost has to be the result of a state or community adopting and enforcing the FEMA recommendations. This exception includes situations where elevations which are being increased in zones B, C, X or D, are being switched to base flood elevations UNLESS the elevations are derived by the state or community instead of elevations recommended by FEMA.

(3) The increase in costs of elevation or floodproofing that is needed to have a damaged home EXCEED FEMA base flood elevations IF it is done to comply with state or local “freeboard” (required height of construction above expected water level) requirements.

Coverage D will also pay the additional costs (subject to its insurance limits) when c. and/or d. below apply:

c. The increased cost is created in an unnumbered A zone where the elevation or floodproofing is done to comply with the base flood elevation recommended according to federal, state, or local elevation data.

d. The incremental costs of elevating or floodproofing to meet state or local floodplain management laws after a covered structure has been demolished or relocated and the costs are incurred while the structure is being rebuilt either at the same site or at another site.

Note: Item d. is subject to Exclusion D.5.g. below

e. Payment may also be made to help with compliance costs for rebuilding a structure at an elevation that meets the applicable community's base flood elevation. Payment is also made in instances where a damaged or destroyed home that previously received a variance (an exception or waiver) must now conform to local or State standards.

Focus on Repetitive Loss Structures: In July 2003, Congress passed H.R. 253, titled “Two Floods and Your Losses Are Out of the Taxpayers’ Pocket Act.” The legislation was passed in response to the fact that, although repetitive loss structures are a small percentage of those that are vulnerable to flood loss, the class loss experience is disproportionate. Rather than take advantage of procedures meant to reduce the chance of future loss, such owners often just depend upon flood coverage to handle any damage. The Act provides an incentive to take mitigating action, such as elevating or moving the structure. If recommended action is not taken, property owners risk the chance or paying much higher flood insurance premiums or face the loss of flood insurance and/or federal disaster assistance.

4. Conditions

This section contains a fairly straight-forward explanation of a couple of stipulations involving loss payments under Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance.

a. A covered structure must suffer direct damage from flooding. The flood loss must be accompanied by an increase in claim costs. The increased cost must be due to the enforcement of a law or regulation involving floodplain management. The items eligible for coverage include increased costs to:

· Elevate

· Floodproof

· Relocate

· Demolish (including clearing the site, discontinuing utilities, and properly abandoning utilities located on the loss site), a covered structure including any combination of the above activities.

b. The building that is rebuilt or repaired must have the same use and occupancy as the building that was damaged or destroyed UNLESS a change is made because of an ordinance or law.

5. Exclusions

This section explicitly states that it refers to Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance. This may seem insignificant, but it certainly aids the understanding of the provision and should be used in the other provisions. Regardless, there is NO COVERAGE for costs created by authorities enforcing:

a. Community floodplain management laws or ordinances. This exclusion applies only to communities under the NFIP Emergency Program.

Since the flood coverage in such communities is limited, it is logical to restrict strained insurance resources to covering direct losses.

b. Pollution related regulations that mandate an insured to do any of the following related to the impact of pollutants:

· Test for

· Clean up

· Monitor

· Contain

· Treat

· Detoxify

· Neutralize

· Respond to

· Assess

Note: The general property flood policy uses the same description of pollutants that is found in standard ISO property and casualty insurance policies.

c. A loss in value to any covered structure or building when compliance with flood regulations creates the reduction.

d. The loss of residual value of the undamaged portion of a covered structure that must be demolished or relocated because of complying with a flood regulation.

e. The Coverage D compliance costs will not be paid unless both the following conditions are met:

(1) Until the covered building actually undergoes the required elevation, floodproofing, demolition or relocation

(2) The required compliance activity takes place within a maximum of two years from the loss date.

Note: This is really more a condition than an exclusion.

This is quite a logical exclusion. The insurer is not obligated to pay for activity that either doesn’t actually take place AND doesn’t take place in a timely manner. This protects the insurer against paying for either unnecessary costs or, due to prolonged delay, for unnecessarily increased compliance costs.

f. Any code upgrade requirements that are not part of a state or local floodplain management law or ordinance.

This concerns updating a structure’s plumbing, electrical system, etc. that may be required in various ordinances or laws but that are not specifically flood related.

g. If an improvement or addition is made following a flood loss, the costs needed to bring that improvement or addition into compliance with a state’s or local community’s floodplain management laws or ordinances are excluded.

h. Loss due to any ordinance or law that the insured was required to comply with before the current loss.

i. Any rebuilding activity that fails to pass NFIP minimum standards, including receipt by the insured of a state or community variance to rebuild flood damaged property at an elevation below the base flood elevation.

In other words, even when a policyholder suffers a serious loss which includes a requirement to improve the structure to meet local flood standards, but not the minimum standards set by the NFIP, the general property policy’s Coverage D will not cover the increased cost. This exclusion applies even when the policyholder has a variance from having to meet the higher standard.

It would appear that this exclusion would come into play under rare circumstances. However, there may be an instance such as the following.

j. Increased Cost of Compliance for garage or carport

There is no protection under Coverage D for increased costs to bring carports or garages in compliance with state or local ordinances.

k. Any instance involving property that is protected by a Group Flood Insurance Policy issued pursuant to 44 CFR 61.17.

Simply, any structure insured under the specified group policy is not eligible for protection because that would result in duplicate coverage.

l. Either condominium association or individual condominium unit-owners assessments that are made for handling additional costs of repairing post-flood damage to commonly owned buildings.

The exclusion applies to such costs related to having to conform to state or local floodplain management ordinances or laws.

One might argue whether this is a fair exclusion, say in the instance where all of the condo association members have paid for an adequate amount of coverage under Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance. However, the exclusion is, at least, consistent with the policy’s approach to bar the ability of a condo association to get coverage via individual condo owner flood insurance policies.

6. Other Provisions

This item is a notice that all of the policy’s remaining conditions and provisions apply to Coverage D.

IV. Property Not Covered

This section clarifies some types of property and situations that are not eligible as covered property. The general property policy does NOT COVER:

1. Personal property that is in the open.

If the property is not in a building, it isn’t covered. This portion of the provision is pretty logical because such property is very vulnerable to loss and is also highly portable; an insured should be encouraged to protect such property by moving it into a fully enclosed building.

2. A building and personal property located in the building when the structure is either in, on, or over water is ineligible for coverage. Further, if a building is located seaward of mean high tide, it also fails to qualify for protection. IMPORTANT – this exclusion applies only to such buildings that were either newly constructed or substantially improved on or after October 1, 1982.

3. Damage to open structures and damage to personal property located in, on, or over water. Boat houses and structures in which floating boats are kept or stored are also ineligible.

4. Recreational vehicles are barred from coverage. Their ineligibility is not affected by whether they still have wheels or are a part of a permanent foundation. However, travel trailers that are within the definition of building in II.B.6.c, are covered.

5. Any self-propelled vehicle or machine and motor vehicle including their parts and equipment. There are two exceptions. When they are inside the building, motorized equipment pertaining to the service of the described unit or building or that are designed to assist handicapped persons are covered.

6. Land and its value is not covered. Living, growing property such as lawns, trees, shrubs, plants, and crops are ineligible. In addition, animals are not covered.

7. Valuable papers and currency such as manuscripts, accounts, bills, currency, deeds, evidences of debt, money, as well as medals, postage stamps, securities, bullion, and similar property including records.

8. Wells, septic tanks, septic systems, and all other underground structures and equipment are ineligible property

9. Surfaces that lie outside a covered property’s perimeter walls are not insured. Examples are walks, walkways, decks, driveways, patios, and other surfaces which are not affected by their type of construction nor by whether they are covered.

10. Any type of container and its related equipment. Examples of such containers are gas or liquid tanks.

11. Property below ground, meaning a building or unit and its contents, including personal property and machinery and equipment.

Underground homes or structures, including contents, are not covered by the general property policy if slightly half or more of the structure’s actual cash value is located below the base flood elevation or the adjacent ground level; this is depending upon whether the home is part of the Regular or Emergency Flood Program. This exclusion does not apply in instances where a building has used earth in an approved manner for insulation. An insured would have to have documentation to prove that the building and insulation installation met with building construction and energy conservation standards as well as with the NFIP’s applicable elevation requirements.

Note: This exclusion is an all-or-nothing premise. If the structure’s features cause it to fail to qualify for coverage, then ALL of the accompanying structures and contents are ineligible.

12. Other structural property that is ineligible for protection includes fences, retaining walls, seawalls, bulkheads, wharves, piers, bridges, and docks.

13. Aircraft and watercraft are not covered and the exclusion extends to related furnishings and equipment.

14. Other ineligible property includes hot tubs, pools, spas and there plumbing. This does not apply to such items when a part of a bathroom.

15. No protection applies to property barred from coverage under the Coastal Barrier Improvement Act and the Coastal Barrier Resources Act.

16. No coverage is available for property that belongs to a condominium unit owner that falls outside of the types referenced under Coverage B – Personal Property.

17. A residential condominium that is located in a community covered by the NFIP Regular Program (as defined) is not eligible for coverage.

V. Exclusions

A. The General Property Policy will not compensate, reimburse an insured, nor provide an allowance for:

1. Lost revenue or profits

This is clearly an extension of the previous exclusions of coverage for indirect losses. The ultimate reward for any business activity is the portion of any income that exceeds the cost of generating the income. There is no opportunity under the flood policy to be reimbursed for potential profits that are lost because of a covered event.

2. Lost access to covered property or premises (described location)

This is rather similar to exclusion A.1. The difference is that this is an indirect source of loss that does not or may not involve any loss to any covered property.

3. The insured’s loss of use of the insured premises (described location) and/or the covered property

While an insured can suffer genuine economic harm from a flood that prevents an insured from using his property, such loss is indirect; so, it would not qualify as a recoverable loss.

4. Loss resulting from interruption of business, profession, or manufacture

Another source of indirect loss is the loss caused by unrealized opportunities. Again, since this is not a direct loss of tangible, insured property, no claim for such losses can be filed under the flood policy. Actually, they can be submitted, they just won’t be honored.

5. Additional expenses that are incurred while the insured building is being repaired or is uninhabitable, regardless the reason

The flood policy is priced to handle direct damages to an insured residence or personal property from flood waters. The policy is NOT structured to pay for higher expenses suffered when a building cannot be used.

6. Any increased cost of repair or reconstruction as a result of any ordinance regulating reconstruction or repair, except as provided in Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance

The first thing to do is to review what protection is provided by Coverage D. Otherwise, any legal requirement that adds to the cost to repair or replace a damaged home is not covered. Why is there a need for such an exclusion? The rating for any insurance policy relies upon having solid information about the maximum exposure to loss. Laws or rules that substantially change an insurer’s exposure, without adjusting their premium for the increased exposure, are a threat to an insurer’s ability to provide coverage to all of its customers.

7. Any other situation that creates economic loss

It appears that this exclusion prevents an insured from filing a claim to recover for any type of financial loss that, while connected or related to a flood loss, is not eligible for coverage under the flood policy.

B. A loss which already exists at the time when the effective date of the flood policy first takes effect. The starting time for coverage is 12:01 A.M. of the first day of the policy period. This same stipulation exists concerning any increase in coverage that is requested. Neither coverage, NOR a higher limit of coverage, apply to a flood loss that has already occurred.

C. Losses involving earth movement. Examples of earth movement are the following:

· Earthquake

· Sinkholes

· Land destabilization or movement caused by underground water accumulation

· Gradual erosion

· Land subsidence

· Landslide

An exception is made for the limited types of earth movement which ARE covered. You must refer to the definition of flood in order to understand this exception.

D. Losses involving other causes, including:

1. Weight or the pressure of ice.

2. The effects of freezing and thawing

3. Rain, snow, sleet, hail, or water spray

Policyholders under the flood program have to look elsewhere for damage caused to their property from these perils. The flood policy’s rating is designed for covering its definition of the flood hazard.

4. While the flood policy does provide coverage for damage caused by flooding, it does not cover losses involving any if the following:

· Water

· Moisture

· Mildew

· Mold

This is the case IF:

· The loss is a result of a condition that is confined to the described location. A flood that is only at the insured’s location is NOT covered. The definition of flood requires a more widespread water loss.

· The condition is under the insured’s control. Circumstances that may be considered to be under an insured’s control are defects in design or structure, mechanical deficiencies, failure, or stoppage, as well as broken water lines, pumps, sewer lines, drains, fixtures, or equipment.

5. The flood policy does not cover damage from water or water-borne material seepage, sewer backup or sump pump backup. However, if flood is in the area and is the proximate cause of such activities, it is covered.

6. The pressure or weight of water UNLESS such damage is due directly from flooding.

7. The flood policy normally excludes flood losses which are due to the failure of a covered property’s heating, cooling systems or of its loss of power. HOWEVER, such losses can qualify for coverage when it is an eligible flood physically damages power, heating, or cooling equipment on the described location. This means that no coverage is available when the flood at an off-site premises caused the failure.

8. Loss from theft, fire, explosion, wind, or windstorm is not covered.

This is a logical exclusion because the flood coverage is meant to dovetail with other policies that respond to non-flood sources of loss to insured property.

9. A loss caused intentionally by the insured or any person on the insured’s behalf (agent).

This exclusion makes sense as it is based upon the very foundation of insurance coverage: that the loss be accidental in nature. Creating a loss on purpose is the ultimate slap in the “face” of an insurance policy and is, understandably, excluded.

10. A loss caused by the insured’s modification to the insured property which materially increases the risk of flooding.

E. Finally, there is no coverage for flood damage to any property that is located on property that is leased from the Federal Government under the following circumstances:

· The property has been flooded by the Federal Government

· There is a hold harmless agreement that relieves the government from liability under the flood policy

Further, in the above situation, no claim can be made for any indirect losses or expenses related to the property being flooded.

VI. Deductibles

The method for applying deductibles under the general property policy is essentially as straightforward as what is found in most other types of policies. Any payment under the policy is net of the deductible amount that appears in the policy declarations. However, there are two notable differences between the general property deductible provisions and those of other forms.

A. The stated deductible increases substantially under a certain circumstance. If a loss occurs to a covered building that is in the course of construction, the applicable deductible may double. A doubled deductible applies if the covered structure does not have a minimum of two sturdy exterior walls and a secured roof when a loss occurs. The higher deductible appears fair. An insured should bear a greater amount of the flood loss exposure during the time that the property is in a much more vulnerable condition.

B. The stated deductible applies separately to a covered building and covered personal property.

Example: There is a flood loss with the following results:
Property Affected	Loss Amount
Building Damage	$12,000
Contents Damage	$9,500
Total Loss	$21,500
In this case, a $1,000 deductible applies. According to this provision, the deductible would apply as follows:
Property Affected	Loss Amount	Deductible
Building Damage	$12,000	$1,000
Contents Damage	$9,500	$1,000
Totals	$21,500	$2,000
In this case, the total settlement would be $19,500.

C. There are two instances when a deductible is not applied: when the loss involves either Loss Avoidance Measures and/or Increased Cost of Compliance.

Example: Again, we have a business suffering a flood loss with the following result:
Property Affected	Loss Amount	Deductible
Building Damage	$12,000	$1,000
Contents Damage	$9,500	$1,000
Loss Avoidance expense	$1,300	N/A
Increased compliance costs	$5,000	N/A
Totals	$27,800	$2,000
The change in loss circumstance, with a significantly higher loss amount, has no effect on the total deductible. The result is that, overall, the impact of the deductible decreases.

VII. General Conditions

This section contains items that, generally, affect the entire policy. For the most part, they concern either coverage or contractual issues.

A. Pair and Set Clause

If an article which is part of a pair or set is lost, the carrier has the option of paying an amount equal to the cost of replacing the lost article, less depreciation, or an amount which represents the fair proportion of the total value of the pair or set that the lost article bears to the pair or set.

B. Concealment, Fraud and Policy Voidance

1. This policy is voided, will become ineligible for either renewal or replacement if any insured or its insurance agent has done any of the following regarding this particular policy or any other NFIP insurance:

· Lied about or concealed any material fact

· Committed any fraudulent act concerning this insurance

· Made a false statement

Insurance policies are contracts where the party providing the insurance protection is highly dependent upon an applicant for information concerning the insurance-worthiness of their property. The NFIP is so sensitive about this contractual issue that, unlike most property and casualty programs, the application is made into a legal part of the insurance contract. An applicant who decides to either hide or lie about information that would affect the insurer’s decision to accept or properly rate a flood policy faces the prospect of losing their coverage, even at the time of a loss.

2. If a policy is voided, the move takes place as of the wrongful act.

3. A party whose policy is voided also faces the punishment of not being eligible for reinstating, renewing, or replacing the coverage. Further, proof of any fraud may also result in a guilty person being fined or even jailed.

4. Coverage may also be voided for other reasons such as the property being of a type that is not eligible for coverage under the NFIP. Another voidable reason? If, at the time the policy was written, it was part of a nonparticipating community and, subsequently, the community does not join or reenter the NFIP prior to a loss.

C. Other Insurance

1. If a loss that is covered by this policy is also covered by other insurance, whether collectible or not, the insurer is obligated to pay no more that would be covered under this policy. It is limited to the proportion of the loss that the limit of liability which applies under this policy bears to the total amount of insurance. However, this proportion amount applies only if neither of the following applies:

· If there is other insurance in the name of the insured covering the same property protected by this policy that states it is excess, then this policy is primary and the proportionate sharing does not apply.

· This policy is primary but the deductible amounts differ. After it meets is own deductible, it alone pays until the deductible of the other insurance is satisfied. Once the other insurance’s deductible is met, all losses are then shared in the proportion the remaining limit on this policy bears to the amount of insurance that remains available from both policies.

This provision is similar to those found in other types of insurance policies. It is intended to take the existence of other sources of coverage into consideration when determining loss payments. This preserves the larger goal of not permitting individuals to “profit” from insurance and to protect the flood program’s capacity by restricting it to provide only its share of coverage to an eligible loss.

2. If this policy is issued to a condominium association and a covered loss occurs to a condominium unit owner who has separate flood coverage, this policy responds on a primary basis.

Note: This provision is triggered regardless of whether another source of coverage is collectible. On its face, this would mean that the amount of coverage under the flood policy would contribute on a proportional basis even if another source can’t be collected.

D. Amendments, Waivers, Assignment

This policy cannot be amended nor can any of its provisions be waived without the express written consent of the Federal Insurance Administrator. No action taken by the insurer under the terms of this policy can constitute a waiver of any of its rights.

The named insured has the right to transfer this policy to another if the transfer in done in writing. The transfer will take place at the same time as the transfer of title. This right is NOT permitted if the building is in the course of construction or if the policy applies only to contents.

This condition is unique in that a named insured can assign its policy to the entity purchasing the property insured under this policy without prior notice to the insurance company. Most insurance policies do not permit any assignment of coverage due to the need to specifically underwrite the named insured. However, problems can arise.

E. Cancellation of Policy by You

An insured under the general property flood policy may choose any time to cancel his or her coverage. Any refund will be handled according to NFIP rules.

F. Nonrenewal of the Policy by Us

Coverage will not be renewed if the community where the covered property is located no longer participates in the National Flood Insurance Program or if the covered building is classified as ineligible.

G. Reduction and Reformation Coverage

1. Either before or after a loss occurs, the insurer may discover that they did not receive the correct premium due on the policy. The discovery may be obvious, such as the insured failing to send in the full premium; or it can be subtle, caused by an error or oversight in policy rating. In such instances, the policy coverage can be reduced to the level that coincides with the level of full-term coverage that could be purchased with the amount of money actually received.

2. Once the problem is discovered, the insured will get a notice to send in the additional premium. If the additional amount is received in time, coverage will be reformed to supply full–term coverage at the original amount requested or, if the discovery occurred after a loss, settlement will be made according to the full amount of initial coverage. If the additional amount is not received in time, coverage will continue at the reduced amount or, if applicable, the loss will be settled according to the reduced amount.

A notice of additional premium due is also sent to any mortgagee or trustee that appears on the policy. That party may take advantage of having the coverage reformed by making the payment. However, such a party only has 30 days from the time of receiving the notice to do so.

Note: If a mortgagee or trustee exercises this right, the benefit only applies to that party.

This item is a commendable feature of the policy. Traditionally, insurers that receive inadequate premium arrange to use the premium received as a paid–up amount and then terminate coverage. The flood policy treats such payments differently. Instead of terminating coverage, the coverage is kept in force, but according to the amount of coverage supported by the lower premium amount.

Note: Any coverage adjustment MUST conform to the minimum amount of coverage permitted by federal regulations. Again, it is worth mentioning that, since there are several references to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), it would be helpful if this information were included with the policy, if not in full, at least the pertinent excerpts.

Exactly what happens when an insured doesn’t pay the full premium? The following is the basic order of events:

1. The insurer discovers that the premium payment is insufficient

2. An additional billing is sent to the insured

3. The insured has 30 days from the date of the written additional premium notice to send payment

4. If payment is received in time, coverage is restored according to the amounts originally requested

5. The coverage restoration is effective either on the inception date of the policy term or, in the case of an endorsement form, the endorsement’s effective date.

If the insufficient premium is discovered before a loss, the additional premium billing is for the current policy term or, if applicable, the full endorsement term.

If the insufficient premium is discovered after a loss, the additional premium billing is for the current policy term as well as (when applicable) the PREVIOUS policy term or, if applicable, the full endorsement term.

Note that an additional financial interest in the flood policy, such as a mortgagee or trustee, ALSO receives a 30-day notice of the additional premium due. The right to reforming coverage for the additional interest is limited to increasing the coverage to meet the total amount of indebtedness rather than the original amount requested.

However, it is not clear whether this provision only applies in cases where the outstanding debt is LOWER than the amount of coverage requested and would be limited to the coverage amount originally requested if, by some circumstance, the mortgage or loan amount were the higher amount.

3. What happens if the insufficient premium was due to the insurer finding out a material misrepresentation or concealment that affects the policy coverage? In such instances, the policy is not subject to reformation and an additional billing notice, but rather voidance of coverage is triggered.

H. Policy Renewal

1. This condition tells an insured that he or she has to take the bulk of responsibility for keeping the flood insurance in force and to pay careful attention to the policy effective dates that appear on the policy declarations page. Coverage for a given policy term expires on 12:01 a.m. on the last day of the policy’s term.

2. In simplest terms, the insured has to pay the renewal premium within 30 days of the policy expiration date or coverage ends as of the policy’s expiration date. In the event that a payment is BOTH received and accepted by the insurer, a renewal policy will be sent to the insured.

3. If the insurer has either failed to send a renewal notice before the policy expiration or it used an errant address that delayed proper delivery prior to a renewal date, the following procedures will be followed:

· If, within a year from the policy’s expiration date an insured or his agent tells the insurer that they never received a renewal notice and the insurer is able to confirm that a notice was not received, the insurer will send a second billing notice.

· The second notice will have a separate 30-day grace period. If it is paid in time, the coverage will renew. If it is not paid, the policy remains expired.

4. Recertification – An insured may be required to confirm that all of their rating information is still correct. The insurer uses a Recertification Questionnaire for this purpose.

I. Conditions Suspending or Restricting Insurance

This is a harsh condition. It states that the flood policy will NOT pay for a loss that occurs after an insured either knows about or is responsible for an increase in the property’s vulnerability to flooding.

J. Requirements in Case of Loss

Should a flood loss occur to the insured property, the following actions must be taken by the named insured:

1. Notify the insurer in writing promptly

2. As soon as reasonably possible, separate the damaged and undamaged property, putting it in the best possible order so that the insurer may examine it.

3. Prepare a complete inventory of the damaged property. The inventory has to describe all quantities, descriptions, loss amounts and ACV of each item, along with any documentation (i.e., receipts).

4. Within 60 days following the loss, the proof of loss must be sent to the insurer. A valid proof of loss is a written statement about the amount being claimed under the policy. This document must be signed by the insured and it is a sworn statement which must include the following information:

a. The date and time of the loss

b. An explanation that can be brief about how the loss happened

c. The named insured’s (financial) interest in the property damaged and any other interests in the damaged property

d. Details about any other insurance covering the property. This means the named insured is required to fully disclose all information on any other source of coverage. The insurer wants to be in the position of deciding on whether other sources apply. The policyholder is not to make this decision.

e. Details of any changes in ownership, use, occupancy, location, or possession of the insured property since the policy was issued

f. Building specifications and repair estimates

g. Names of mortgagees or all others who might have a lien, charge, or claim against the property insured under this policy

h. Details about whoever was occupying occupied any insured building at the time of loss. This should include the purpose for which it was being occupied.

i. The inventory of damaged property as explained in item J. 3 above.

5. Document the loss with all related bills, receipts, and similar documents for supporting the amount being claimed. The named insured is to use its own judgment in determining the amount of loss but then justify it.

6. The named insured is required to cooperate with the adjuster or representative as they investigate the claim.

Note: Under item 7. which follows, although the insurer supplies an adjuster to handle the loss, this person has very limited authority; this is especially true regarding questions about the eligibility of the loss for coverage under the policy.

7. The adjuster investigating the claim may provide a proof of loss form and may help in its completion. However, this is a matter of courtesy only, and the insured still has the responsibility to send the carrier a proof of loss within 60 days after the loss even if the adjuster does not furnish the form or help in its completion.

8. The adjuster is not authorized to approve or disapprove claims or guarantee whether the claim will be approved.

9. This item is the complete opposite of item 7. The insurer may choose to waive the requirement that the insured files a signed proof of loss statement. Instead, the insured may be required to sign and swear to an adjuster's report of the loss which includes information about the loss and the damages sustained. The company will rely on the adjuster’s report to handle the claim.

K. Our Options after a Loss

An insurer has a wide variety of options on the type of information they may request from an insured. The frequency and the complexity of the requests may be according to company policy or, more typically, are controlled by the loss circumstances. Such requests may involve the following:

1. Display the damaged property. The insurer reserves control over the manner and timing of such displays. The insurer also establishes a right to question an insured under oath about the loss circumstances and amounts. At its discretion, the insurer may request substantial amounts of documentation (financial records, bills, notices, receipts, vouchers, etc.) and also claims a right to copy materials that it decides are relevant to its investigation.

If a condo association is involved with a loss, the insurer may request any and all association documents, particularly rules and bylaws. Interest in this information is due to the fact that such agreements typically contain important references to insurance matters, such as who is responsible for what property, assessments, etc.

2. This provision also mandates the insured to furnish the insurer with a complete inventory of the damaged property, including the total loss claimed, the itemized costs involved, information on replacement and repairs, any quantities involved and applicable actual case value property values.

3. Options to Replace:

As long as it reacts within 30 days of getting an acceptable proof of loss, the insurer may elect among several options to respond to a flood loss. The insurer may replace, rebuild, or repair the damaged property. It may then take possession of damaged property at the value both parties agree upon or that is established through an appraisal. The possession may either be in part or in whole.

Here, the insurer has re-asserted its right to find the least expensive option of reimbursing an insured for an eligible loss. While an insured may dispute this right, it is a valid method for an insurer to control its total obligation for settling claims.

L. No Benefit to Bailee

This merely states that the named insured is the only insurable interest protected by the general property policy.

M. Loss Payment

1. Once the named insured files a proof of loss and the insurer accepts it as valid, the insurer is obligated to pay for the loss within:

· 60 days if the named insured submitted the Proof of Loss

· 90 days if the signed adjuster’s report was used instead of the proof of loss

Note: This part of the policy can be misleading as there are administrative rules which decide such items as when the NFIP can make a final loss determination.

2. If the proof of loss (claim) is wholly or partially denied, the named insured has the following options:

· Accept the denial

· File an amended proof of loss but must do so within the time period allowed by the Administrator

· Exercise their other rights under this policy.

N. Abandonment

The named insured does not have the right to abandon any covered property to the insurer, even if it is damaged. This clause works in hand with the provision on salvage.

O. Salvage

If the insurer gives its permission, a named insured may be allowed to keep “salvaged” property. Nevertheless, the insurer will have to adjust any loss payment to reflect the fact that salvage property was kept by the insured.

Note: This would include future payments. In essence, salvage property could conceivably become ineligible property.

P. Appraisal

If the insurer and the named insured do not agree over the value of the covered property or the amount of the loss, each party has 20 days after receiving a written request from the other party to select an appraiser. The two appraisers will select an umpire.

If they do not agree on an umpire within 15 days, the two appraisers will ask a judge of a court of record of the state where the appraisal is pending to make the selection. Each appraiser will submit their own suggestions of value for each item of property, with any disputes submitted to the judge. The named insured and the insurer are bound by the written agreement of any two of these three persons. Each party will pay its appraiser and the two parties will share the cost of the umpire and related expenses equally.

Q. Mortgage Clause

This condition states that it applies only to the covered building and only when that building has a mortgage interest shown in the policy or if the insurer finds out about the mortgage interest before any loss is paid. A trustee is treated as a mortgagee. The rest of this condition, in essence, states the following:

· Any loss payment will be made to either a mortgagee or trustee, in accordance to how their interests appear

· The property interests are paid in order of precedence

· The maximum amount of payment is limited to the mortgagee/trustee’s actual financial interest

· No act of the borrower affects the insurer’s obligation to pay the lender or trustee’s financial interest in the policy except when the policy premium is not paid. In the Reduction and Reformation of Coverage the mortgagee is given a separate payment notice which can be paid in order to protect its financial interest.

· The mortgagee can maintain the policy even when there’s an increase in hazard or a change of title IF they notify the insurer of this change.

Note: The policy can be rendered void if the mortgagee doesn’t pay the additional premium necessary to cover the exposure to a higher hazard of loss.

· The mortgagee is entitled to a separate 30-day advanced notice of cancellation.

· The insurer may, under certain conditions, acquire the mortgagee’s right to recover against a party that damaged the covered property.

· The existence of subrogation doesn’t affect the mortgagee’s right to full payment under the policy.

R. Suits Against Us

While the insured may file suit against the insurer, the right is limited by the following:

· The suit has to be filed within one year after being notified that the claim is denied

· All other policy conditions, such as appraisal, must be satisfied

· The suit has to be filed in the district court where the covered property is located.

S. Subrogation

Often when a loss occurs, the damage may involve more than the force of nature. It could well involve another party that has some level of responsibility. This is a party that may be sued in order to recoup a loss payment. Recognizing this, the insurer, after making any valid loss payment, assumes the insured’s right to take legal action against other parties. This transfer of rights (subrogation) is automatic. This right is so important that, if an insured knowingly does anything to harm them, the insurer may possibly seek recoupment from the insured.

Should the named insured receive any payment from other parties, the insured must pay back to the insurance company what it paid on the loss. The remaining payment than belongs to the insured.

T. Continuous Lake Flooding

1. This describes a loss situation where a property covered under a flood policy becomes uninsurable through the NFIP. When a property is experiencing an extended and uninterrupted period of flooding (90 days or more), and which, in all likelihood, is eligible for the maximum payout provided by the policy, the named insured may request to receive payment without waiting for the waters to recede and going through the loss adjustment process.

The release mentioned above stipulates the following conditions, which must be accepted by an insured in order to receive payment under the continuous flooding provision:

a. No additional claim may be made under the policy

b. No attempt may be made for renewal policy coverage

c. Not to apply for any flood insurance under the Act for property at the location of the insured building

d. The named insured may not attempt to be reimbursed from previous premium payments.

Note: This option does not have to occur within a single policy period in order to be exercised. It could start a month before the expiration of one policy term and then be exercised in the third month of the renewal policy term. The controlling condition is the length of the continuous inundation.

2. When the inundation of water if from a closed-basin lake, the insured has an option to claim based on T. 1 above or based on the information within this item. A closed basin lake is naturally occurred and has no water outflow so that water in the lake is reduced only via evaporation. To qualify, the area of the lake must be or has been in the past at least one square mile.

a. A loss qualifies under this provision if lake waters either actually damage or are a certain threat to damage a covered structure. The policy will pay for loss on the presumption that the structure is a total loss.

b. Prior to approving a claim under this part of the policy, the named insured must meet several requirements including:

· Accepting payment that incorporates a salvage value of the affected property (the policy refers to a negotiated salvage)

· Cooperate in identifying and labeling their site as having special status within the applicable community's flood map including allowing an easement surrounding the property. The loss site then only becomes usable for certain purposes, such as agriculture or recreational, but not as permanent residential space. Further, if insurable property is placed on the location (which would be deemed an area of special consideration (ASC), it would not be eligible for coverage if flooding occurred due to any, authorized flood control activities.

· Comply fully with part 1. of the continuous lake flooding provision

c. Unless an extension is granted, the named insured must agree to relocate the covered building completely away from the ASC and this must occur no later than 90 days after having a claim payment approved.

d. The named insured must secure both an elevation certificate and a floodplain development permit from the area’s floodplain administrator for the building’s new location. Final claim payment cannot occur without this step’s completion.

e. The authorities that have jurisdiction of the property’s new location have to accommodate the named insured’s use of the new location (via land ordinance or moratorium) which aligns with the easement granted for the payment agreement, must monitor and report to FEMA concerning any flood provision violations, and must comply with the restricted land use of the vacated ASC, even if that area falls into ownership by a non-profit organization.

f. No claim payment may be approved without the applicable State fully complying with FEMA’s policies established for closed basin lakes.

g. Continuous flood coverage is required for the relocated property, but a 60-day period of non-coverage is granted in situations involving transfer of property.

h. The T. 2 part of the condition is in effect only if applicable community receives documentation of the policy provision compliance from the applicable FEMA Regional Director.

U. Duplicate Policies Not Allowed

The NFIP does not allow two policies covering the same property to co-exist. If the existence of the two was intentional on the named insured’s part, only the coverage on the earliest issued policy will be honored. No other coverage is in effect.

However, if the existence of duplicate coverage was unintentional by the named insured, when the insurer discovers it, a notice will be mailed to the named insured of the situation asking which of the methods is to be used in solving the dilemma:

The earlier dated policy is to be maintained. The named insured can then choose to add coverage limits from the later issued policy. The limits are added as of the effective date of that later issued policy.
The later dated policy is to be maintained, the named insured can then choose to add coverage limits of the earlier policy as of the effective date of the later date policy.

If limit changes are made, any additional premium is charged on a pro rata premium. The insurer will make a refund for the policy that must be cancelled.

This condition may have been better handled as a sub-part of the policy's Other Insurance provision. This condition operates under numerous assumptions, including:

· It refers to more than one policy but only addresses a maximum of two policies. What if there are more than two?

· It assumes that the two policies have different effective dates.

· It is designed to deal with policies having different policy limits.

· The condition is written as though the different policy limits fall below the maximum value of the property or below the maximum permitted by the Act.

· It assumes that the duplicate coverage is written under the same insured’s name.

Perhaps this condition should be re-visited in order for it to deal with more situations or to deal with corrections more effectively. The procedure under the condition currently requires that one policy be amended, an additional billing being sent, and possibly paid. Application means the written statement the insured person completed and signed for the purpose of getting a flood policy sent for the amended coverage amount and a refund be processed for the other policy. Would it make more sense to see if the two policy premiums could be combined and then either refund or additionally bill under the remaining policy?

V. Loss Settlement

This merely states that the insurer is obligated (when making payment) to settling eligible losses according to the actual cash value of the damaged property, the cost to repair or replace the damaged property, or the available coverage limit that exists for the damaged property. The insurer has the option of using the least expensive option.

VIII. Liberalization Clause

Essentially, if the insurer makes a change in coverage under the flood program and that change represents a benefit to the named insured and does not require a premium payment, the named insured automatically receives the benefit. If applicable, the benefit would apply to any loss that occurs after the benefit has been introduced to the flood program.

This condition allows changes to be made to the flood program without having to immediately correct the wording of policies that are produced and distributed prior to any changes.

Because many policies are issued prior to their policy term, the liberalization clause applies to not only changes that happen during the policy term but also up to 60 days prior to the policy term.

IX. What Law Governs

CLAIM GUIDELINES IN CASE OF A FLOOD

This is a helpful addition to the flood policy because it provides a central point of information in case of flood and also provides some very easy to follow steps to follow after a loss has occurred:

The 800 numbers for the NFIP are provided. In addition, a space if provided for the policyholder to enter the insurance agents name and phone number.

The following should occur after a loss occurs:

· The named insured must notify either the insurance company or the agent as soon as possible.

· The claim is assigned to an adjuster that has been certified by the NFIP.

· The named insured should be contacted by an adjuster within 24 hours of the claim notice. If such contact hasn’t been made, the named insured should identify who their claims adjuster is and to contact him or her. Unfortunately, it doesn’t say how to do that.

· Organize and preserve damaged property to assist the adjuster’s evaluation of the damage. The damaged and undamaged items must be separated.

· Take interior and exterior photographs which show damages and specifically shows the height of the water.

· Verification records, such as account books, financial records, receipts should be placed in an easily accessible area for the adjuster’s review.

· Work closely with the adjuster, providing full loss information.

· Ask the adjuster to properly explain flood claim procedures, especially concerning the required Proof of Loss statement.

· Contact the NFIP directly to handle any claim payment problems.

Of course, since these are offered as guidelines, it is important to determine if there is any information or requirement that is not included in the ACTUAL policy provisions. Ambiguity would exist if some unique requirement were found among the guidelines which could harm an insured’s settlement or coverage if the applicable guideline were applied as a strict policy provision.

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM STANDARD (DWELLING FORM) POLICY COVERAGE ANALYSIS

This policy protects consumers against loss to their property from flooding. The policy is offered under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), but specifically under the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The authority to offer this coverage is drawn from the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. The policy refers to this act and states that the coverage relies directly upon the Act and its amendments.

The standard policy makes several references to the National Flood Insurance Act, but their mention still permits a reader a fair chance of understanding how coverage applies. However, the policy also includes over a dozen specific references to Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations as well as to the Coastal Barrier Resources Act. These latter references actually act as barriers to a fair understanding of how the specific policy wording should be applied or interpreted. We found that this information may be located by, first, logging onto the part of the FEMA website that hosts the National Flood Insurance Program; however, the information appears only to be available by accessing regulatory databases and pulling up the individual citations. The various users of the dwelling flood policy might be better served if they were provided with supplemental information concerning these regulations.

Note: This analysis is based on the NFIP October 2015 edition form. ISO has recently introduced a flood insurance policy for use by the private market that can be an alternative to the NFIP.

Introduction

The policy coverage applies to one to four family buildings that are used as personal residences. While a single residence or unit within a condo building qualifies for coverage, the building itself, which contains more than one condo unit, cannot be written under the Standard Form flood policy. Coverage for the condominium building can be written under the NFIP General Property Form.

I. Agreement

The insuring agreement obligates the policy to pay for direct flood losses that damages covered property. The coverage is contingent upon the policyholder having provided accurate underwriting (application and/or loss) information, compliance with applicable policy provisions and, naturally, payment of the policy premium.

II. Definitions

A. Under this policy:

“You,” or “your” means the Insured (including resident spouse and any described payee [loss payee, mortgagee]). Mortgagees and loss payee that are not described but are discovered after a loss, are also insureds.

“We,” “our,” “us,” means the insurance company providing the coverage.

Flood – refers to:

1. Normally dry areas that have temporarily been covered in whole or in part by any of the following:

· Overflowing inland or tidal waters,

· An accumulation of water that is both rapid and unusual.

· Surface water runoff that comes from any source. (Heavy rains could be a source)

· Mudflows (a separately defined term)

However, the incident is a flood only if one or both of the following occur:

· Two or more normally dry acres are inundated

· Two or more properties are inundated with at least one belonging to the named insured.

B. The following are also defined under this policy:

1. Act

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 as well as any and all changes made to the Act since its introduction.

2. Actual Cash Value

The full replacement cost of an item, minus the amount of physical depreciation that exists at the time a covered loss (flood) occurs.

3. Application

Note: The application is considered part of the policy, so any inaccurate statements may, if discovered, either alter the premium or, more seriously, void coverage.

4. Base flood

5. Basement

ANY area of a covered building that has a floor that is below ground level (subgrade) on all sides.

6. Building

As far as the flood policy is concerned, any of the following are considered building:

· A structure that has two or more rigid walls that are on the outside to which a roof is secured. It must be permanently attached to its site.

· A travel trailer on a chassis but attached to a permanent foundation. It cannot have wheels. It must be subject to an applicable community's floodplain and construction regulations.

7. Cancellation

Coverage that terminates before the policy’s ending date.

8. Condominium

Any multi-unit residential structure where the single units are individually owned and the group of owners share interest in the building’s outer structure and common property areas.

9. Condominium Association

An entity where all the members are individual unit owners, share interest in certain structures and rights in the use of certain property or areas and that membership in the entity is a requirement.

10. Declarations Page

The policy coverage page that summarizes the coverage provided by the policy and includes the identifying information on the insured and the covered property as supplied by the policy application.

The definition states that the declarations must be computer–generated, which means that handwritten or typed declarations would not qualify as declaration pages.

11. Described Location

The site that contains the structural or personal property that is covered by the flood policy. It must be shown on the declarations.

12. Direct Physical Loss by or From Flood

An insured property loss or damage that is caused directly by flooding. Physical changes to the property must be demonstrated.

13. Dwelling

A residence designed for up to four families. It is also a single condo-unit.

14. Elevated Building

Any building with its lowest floor existing above the ground. The lowest floor may be supported by walls (foundation or shear), posts, piers, or similar items. There can be no basement.

15. Emergency Program

The first phase for a community that has begun the process of joining the NFIP. Only limited flood coverage is available under the ACT during this (essentially a probationary) period.

16. Expense Constant

The policy expense fee portion of the flood insurance premium. The fee covers the government’s expenses that relate to flood insurance.

17. Federal Policy Fee

A fixed amount that is charged each policy term to pay for government flood program costs that are NOT covered by the expense constant. These are non-refundable.

18. Improvements

Any additional structural features that are part of either the covered dwelling or an apartment in which the named insured resides.

19. Mudflow

A liquefied flow of mud that is moving over normally dry areas, but it does not include other types of earth movement.

20. National Flood Insurance Program

21. Policy

The set of documents including the actual flood policy, declarations page and application, as well as any endorsements or renewal certificates. Only the one dwelling that is described in the application can be insured under a policy.

Note: This means that multiple policies are required for multiple buildings.

22. Pollutants

23. Post–FIRM building

24. Probation Premium

25. Regular Program Community

Any community that has a FIRM and has full flood coverage available at regular premiums.

26. Special Hazard Area

An area that is particularly vulnerable to flood damage AND which is designated with a special zoning code on either a FHBM or a FIRM.

Special Flood Hazard area (zones)
A	A1–30	A99
AE	AH	AO
AR	AR/A	AR/A1–A30
AR/AE	AR/AH	AR/AO
V	VE	V1-V30

Note: Special Flood Hazard Area Zone VO no longer appears.

27. Unit

A single unit that is part of a condominium building.

28. Valued policy

A policy that has a limit of insurance that was determined as a mutually agreed-upon amount to be paid if the insured suffers a total loss.

Under this definition the statement is made that “The Standard Flood Insurance Policy is not a valued policy.”

III. Property Covered

Coverage A – Building Property

The Standard Policy pays for direct damage (caused by flood) to the following types of property:

1. The building (dwelling) at the location appearing in the declaration.

It must be BOTH designed and used primarily as a residence. It is also limited to a maximum of four families. Further, the building does not qualify for coverage under the dwelling flood policy if it is a condominium.

Note: The dwelling policy will also provide coverage (up to 45 days) for a qualified dwelling when it is at another location due to it being removed per the policy’s Property Removed to Safety provision.

2. Additions and Extensions.

3. Appurtenant structures, detached garages and carports that are located at the property address.

These structures have a limited amount of coverage against flood protection. HOWEVER, the protection is not automatic and a serious trade-off exists. The policyholder can elect to apply up to 10% of the dwelling insurance limit to cover losses to appurtenant structures. Whatever amount that is paid for damages to this property REDUCES the amount available for the dwelling.

Example: Teri Shortsyte’s home is protected by a flood policy with the following limits:
Dwelling	$72,000
Contents	$33,000
The day an adjuster comes to look over her flood loss, Teri says that she wants her detached garage covered. Teri is happy that her garage is repaired, but later she is upset to discover that her home is estimated to need repairs in the amount of $72,000; only $65,200 is available because it cost $7,000 to pay for the garage.

Besides the need to balance the positive aspect of this option against the limitation illustrated in our example, consideration must also be given to some conditions. The option of applying part of the dwelling limit to other structures cannot be exercised when the structure is used or held to be used in any of the following ways:

· As dwelling space

· In business or farming

4. Materials and Supplies

When such property is intended for building onto or repairing the covered dwelling or an appurtenant (related to the premises) structure, it also qualifies for protection against flood damage. However, the protection exists ONLY IF the material is stored in an enclosed building that MUST meet the flood policy’s definition of “building.” There are several more conditions in order to qualify for coverage. The materials must be in an eligible building that is either of the following:

· Located at the covered dwelling’s address

· A location that’s next to the dwelling address.

5. A building that is in the course of construction (as well as one being modified or repaired) is subject to the following conditions:

a. The coverage that applies to buildings that haven’t been walled and roofed is only valid during the time that the dwelling is being actively built. There is a liberal exception. The coverage still exists for construction that is interrupted by a work stoppage of up to 90 days.

b. A building which is not yet walled and roofed may not be covered depending upon whether its lowest level is beneath the applicable base flood elevation. What is considered the lowest level depends upon whether the building is elevated or not, as well as its zone. The point of measurement is as follows:

A	A1–30	A99	Must not be below the base flood elevation
AE	AH	AO	Must not be below the base flood elevation
AR	AR/A	AR/A1–30	Must not be below the adjusted wave action effect base flood elevation
AR/AE	AR/AH	AR/AO
V1–30	VE	V	Limitation does not apply

Note: Special Flood Hazard Area Zone VO no longer appears.

6. A manufactured (including mobile) home as defined in the section of terms.

· Using over-the-op or frame ties to ground anchors

· According to the specifications of the manufacturer

· Based on the community’s floodplain management requirements. This item is waived if the building has been continuously covered under the NFIP since 9/30/82.

7. Fixtures eligible for coverage under Coverage A – Building Property.

This portion of Coverage A extends coverage to individually owned personal property that is NOT covered under Coverage B – Personal Property. The property involves items that, while not structures, are generally attached to structures, incorporated into structures, or share a sense of permanence that makes them stride the line between structures and personal property. Specifically, coverage may be available for:

· Furnaces

· Permanently attached/installed:

o Wall mirrors

o Paneling

o Corner cupboards

o Bookcases

o Wallpaper

· Carpet (IF installed over unfinished flooring)

· Venetian Blinds

· Central Air Conditioners

· Awning and Canopies

· Elevator Equipment

· Fire Sprinkler Systems

· Built-in Dishwashers

· Garbage Disposals

· Outdoor Antennas IF attached to buildings

· Pumps and Machinery

· Built-in Microwaves

· Water Heaters

· Ranges and Stoves

· Radiators

· Kitchen Cabinets

· Light Fixtures

· Plumbing Fixtures

· Refrigerators

8. Property Located in Lower-Levels

Cisterns and sump pumps	Drywall for basement	Central Air Conditioners	Junction and breaker boxes
Electrical outlets/switches	Newer elevators, dumbwaiters & equipment	Fuel, fuel tanks	Furnaces, water heaters
Heat pumps	Nonflammable insulation	Solar energy system pumps/tanks	Attached stairwells/stairways
Water softeners, filters, and faucets	Well water tanks/pumps	Utility connections	Foundation structures that support a covered building

b. Coverage also extends to related clean-up costs involving the above items.

Coverage B – Personal Property

1. Personal property is eligible for coverage when any of the following apply:

· Owned by a named insured

· Owned by family members who live in the same home as the named insured

The coverage intent of the standard flood policy can be considered as “minimalist.” Its concern is for owned property and on-premises exposures.

Example: Meg Multipul’s home is insured by a dwelling flood policy with a dwelling limit of $95,000 and a personal property limit of $40,000. A flood loss damages $21,000 worth of contents in her home, consisting of:
Item	Value
Appliances, digital recorders, TVs	$5,000
Clothing	$2,500
Sports equipment	$ 500
Office equipment and supplies	$3,000
Furniture	$6,000
Books	$4,000
Total	$21,000
The adjuster sent to inspect the loss has no problem with most of the claim except the office equipment and supplies. He informs Meg that, because the equipment and supplies are related to her copier shop business (so are NOT incidental to her residence), they are not covered by her flood policy.

An insured can choose to have coverage under the policy extend to personal property that belongs to house guests or servants. The coverage maximum is controlled by the policy’s insurance limits.

Also, at the time of loss, the personal property is required to be within a fully enclosed building at the described address or within a temporary location. If the property is in an incomplete building, it must be secured against floating in order to qualify for coverage. If it floats away, it is considered to not have been secured against floating.

Example: Let’s use Meg’s $21,000 property loss again. This time, the loss consists of the following:
Item	Value
Appliances, DVD players, TVs, digital recorder	$5,000
Clothing	$2,500
Sports equipment	$ 500
Personal property belonging to a visiting friend	$3,000
Furniture	$6,000
Books	$4,000
Total	$21,000
However, in this situation, instead of a personal property limit of $40,000, her limit is only $20,000. The good news is that Meg can arrange for all of her friend’s loss to be covered. The bad news is that Meg will have to decide if she can afford to have $1,000 of her own loss go unpaid.

Personal property subject to the Property Removed to Safety provision is covered while at that temporary location but only for to 45 days from the date of on which it was moved.

2. The protection provided by this coverage part extends to the following property as long as it is fully owned by the insured AND it is NOT protected under Coverage A:

· Clothes Washers

· Clothes Dryers

· Food Freezers

· Food that is in any type of freezer

· Air Conditioning Units

· Portable Dishwashers

· Carpeting

o Non-permanent wall-to-wall over unfinished flooring

o Any type over a finished floor

· Outdoor Equipment and Furniture

· Portable Microwaves

· Cook-out Grills, Ovens, and similar equipment

Note: Outdoor equipment and furniture is only covered when it is stored INSIDE a dwelling or a building at the same property address, as long as the building is fully enclosed.

Example: Tim and Jane Gullywashur are glad that they have a flood policy that protects their home and contents against flood. Having gotten plenty of warning, they are now staying with friends who live on higher ground in a neighboring town. The Gullywashurs were able to bring several suitcases full of clothing and small property with them. They also had time to lock their beautiful new, walnut deck furniture in a large, fenced enclosure (including a solid cover) that the previous property owners used as a kennel. In this case, although the deck furniture is secured against floating away and the fence structure has four walls and a solid roof, no damage to this property is covered. The fencing is not an enclosed structure that helps to protect against water damage.

3. Personal Property Located in Lower-Levels

4. Tenants

If the insured is a tenant, any owned property, including a stove or refrigerator, that qualifies as personal property under the flood policy qualifies for coverage. Coverage also extends to improvements made by that insured. However, coverage for improvements is limited to a maximum of 10% of the applicable personal property limit. However, any payments made decreases the amount of coverage available for personal property loss.

5. Unit owner

If the insured is a condo unit owner, besides the personal property coverage, up to 10% of the personal property limit may be applied to cover interior structures that are deemed to belong to that unit owner.

Note to items 4. and 5: The 10% extensions may be used at the option of the insured. However, such use reduces the amount available for covering other property.

You may have noticed that the above property is very similar to the property listed as eligible for coverage under Coverage A – Building Property. The difference is, while Coverage A is designed to cover permanent property in the nature of structures, Coverage B is meant to cover property that is portable. This coverage part has some other limitations that restrict coverage.

6. Special Limits

The policy restricts total coverage to $2,500 for the following property:

· Rare books

· Furs and articles for which the fur represents the principal value

· Jewelry, gems, watches, valuable stones, and precious metals

· Memorabilia, photographs, and collectibles such as sports cards, porcelains, and similar items

· Any personal property when its use is connected to any commercial operation

· Artwork. Examples would be:

- paintings

- etchings

- pictures

- tapestries

- art glass windows

- statuary

- marbles

- bronzes

Example: Ms. Vera Tray Sheek is horrified to discover the following flood damage to her personal property
Item	Value
A first edition of The Old Man and the Sea	$2,600
A mink-trimmed stole	$3,300
A ruby necklace	$3,900
An antique print	$19,200
Total	$25,100
Vera cries when she reads about her policy limitation. She tells her insurance agent: “I can’t believe that each of my treasures is just insured for $2,500! I can’t replace them for $10,000!” Vera’s insurance agent goes to his medicine cabinet for some smelling salts before explaining to Vera that the total amount that she can recover for ALL four items is not $2,500 apiece but $2,500 total.

7. Antique Limitation

For all intents, antiques are treated the same as regular property. The Dwelling Property Policy pays losses involving such property according to its functional value.

Example: One item destroyed when Tara's office was flooded was an antique typewriter, circa 1900, that she had on display. Though it was appraised at a value of $1,900, the insurer's adjuster included a payment of $38, the value of a routine, used modern typewriter.

Coverage C – Other Coverages

1. Debris Removal

· Any foreign (not owned by the named insured) debris that is laying on the described premises

· Debris of insured property wherever it may be

· The labor cost of an insured or insured household member who performs any debris removal. The payment is according to the applicable, federal minimum wage.

Example: Jim’s home collapses and, after the flood waters recede, he finds that his entire yard is covered in the remains of his home’s walls. Jim and his teen daughter spend about 15 hours cleaning and moving the debris. Their insurer reimburses them for their work.

This is not additional insurance. Any payment made under Coverage C reduces amounts available to pay for losses under Coverages A and B.

2. Loss Avoidance Measures

a. Sandbags, Supplies and Labor

A maximum of $1,000 is available for the cost of sandbags; fill materials to create a temporary levee; pumps; plastic sheeting, lumber, and the related labor costs. The labor costs use the prevailing federal minimum wage in determining the value.

b. Property Removed to Safety

3. Condominium Loss Assessments

The standard policy will also cover certain condominium arrangements.

a. When the applicable flood policy is written for a condominium unit owner, the policy’s entire Coverage A limit is available to respond to assessments that are issued by the condo association. However, the assessment must conform to what is permitted by the association’s bylaws as well as the unit owner’s deed. Naturally, the assessment must be due to covering damage to condo property that is owned in common and the loss has to be due to flood activity.

b. Coverage is still unavailable if the damage assessment involves:

· Personal property, even if the property is owned jointly by the association.

· Attempts to recover payments made by the Condo Association for flood damage that was not reimbursed because the covered condominium building was not insured at a limit that equaled the lesser of the following:

o 80% or more of the building’s replacement cost

o The maximum coverage available under the National Flood Insurance Program.

· Levying by any unit of government

· Any amounts that exceed the total amount of coverage available to condominium buildings under the Flood Act for a single, eligible flood loss

· Any amounts that exceed the total amount of coverage available to condominium tenants under the Flood Act for a single, eligible flood loss (in such instances, the maximum amount is the total coverage that is made available for a single-family dwelling)

· Finally, the assessment is disqualified for coverage if it is an attempt to make up for a loss to Condo Association property that was not paid because it was the portion that fell below the policy’s deductible.

Notes:

1. Any amount paid under this coverage reduces the total available coverage for an eligible flood loss.

2: The recovery limitation regarding amounts available for a condominium building or a tenant applies to those provided by any combination of NFIP policies and NOT to amounts received from other coverage sources.

Example: The Greater Mudhole Condo Association has just sent out assessments to help pay for the damage to the association’s Community House. The assessments involve recoupment for the following:

· Flood damage to the Community House entryway, door, oak flooring, and steps

· Flood damage to lounge furniture, televisions, appliances, and spoiled food

· The loss of one month’s income from three rentals of the Community House for wedding receptions which were canceled because of the Community House’s unavailability.

The assessments were necessary because they were not covered by the condo association’s flood policy. The policy was issued in the name of Richard Mudhole, the condo’s builder. The policy had limits of $1,500,000. The value of the association’s common property equaled $2,750,000.

Note: The NFIP’s available association policy could have been written for up to $3,000,000.

There are 100 members in the condo association. The assessments were sent to the 40 members who joined the association in the latest and final phase of the condo development. Although the Community House is jointly owned by all 100 members, only the newest members were assessed because they weren’t around when the older members were assessed for damages that occurred four years ago and Mr. Mudhole wanted to be fair.

In the above case, there are several reasons why the individual unit-owners’ assessments would not be eligible for coverage under their individual flood policies. The items that would disqualify the reimbursements include the following:

· The Condo Association Policy was written in the name of the condo builder, not the association

· The loss was not assessed to ALL of the association’s members

· The association policy limits were inadequate as they didn’t meet at least 80% of the common property’s value

The loss assessment included amounts loss to ineligible property (Community House Furnishings) and indirect damage (loss of rental income).

Example: Hal Oneplace’s Condo Association just sent him an assessment notice for flood damage to a utility shed that stores lawn maintenance equipment for the Condo grounds. The shed was built and is owned by Hal’s condo neighbor. The Association decided to assess everyone in order to help the member who built the shed for the good of the Association.

In this case, coverage for the assessment would not be eligible for coverage under the dwelling flood policy. Although the shed suffered direct damage, it is property that belongs to another individual. While the property confers a joint benefit, it is not jointly owned. There is also the question of whether the association would have the authority to make an assessment under this circumstance.

Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance

1. General

2. Limit of Liability

Example: Greg Poorchoyse and Pam Gudsalect are next door neighbors with identical older homes. Greg owns flood policy A and Pam owns flood policy B:
Coverage Part	Greg – Policy A	Pam – Policy B
Coverage A	$150,000	$130,000
Coverage B	$35,000	$35,000
Coverage C	Applies	Applies
Coverage D	NONE	$30,000
Both Greg’s and Pam’s homes suffer a near total loss of $125,000 (apiece) during a recent flood. They both find out that, according to flood readiness regulations, they cannot rebuild their homes unless they treat their foundation walls with waterproof materials, add draining tiles and add soil around their property in order to create a greater slope for drainage. The additional requirements bring the total expense to repair their homes to $138,000. Under Greg’s policy, this additional coverage is not covered and he will have to come up with the additional dollars out of his own pocket. Under policy B, Pam’s additional cost is handled in full under Coverage D.

3. Eligibility

a. A qualifying structure must meet a number of NFIP program requirements.

· The previous loss amounts must have, at least, been equal to 25% of the covered structure's market value

Example:

Scenario 1: Ron Soggyplace’s home has had flood insurance since he bought his home twelve years earlier and it has come in handy. Eight years ago, he had a $5,000 flood loss which, at the time, equaled about 15% of his home’s market value. Last week Ron’s home suffered a much larger flood loss which is estimated at $25,000, about 40% of his home’s current market value. Ron gets the news that his town is enforcing a substantial damage provision which will require him to add some floodproofing features (that will cost an additional $9,000) to his home. While the total $30,000 in losses he suffered in the last eight years does not equal 50% or more of his home’s current value, it DOES exceed, on the average, 25% of the existing and current market value of his home; so, his home qualifies as a “repetitive loss structure.” Let’s look at the same situation but change one important feature.

Scenario 2: Ron Soggyplace’s home has had flood insurance since he bought his home twelve years earlier and it has come in handy. Eight years ago, he had a $5,000 flood loss which, at the time, equaled about 15% of his home’s market value. However, the loss did not qualify for coverage under his flood policy, so he had to take out a bank loan to make the repairs. Last week Ron’s home suffered a much larger flood loss which is estimated at $25,000, about 40% of his home’s current market value. Ron gets the news that his town is enforcing a cumulative, substantial damage provision which will require him to add some floodproofing features (that will cost an additional $9,000) to his home. In this case, while Ron’s loss situation triggers the town’s cumulative, substantial damage provision, it does not qualify for protection under Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance because the NFIP DID NOT PAY the first loss.

· The community where the losses occurred must be enforcing a law that is equal to the cumulative or substantial damage provision that is encoded in its floodplain management law

Example: Tonya Dri-Lot never thought she would need her flood insurance policy but she’s glad her agent convinced her to buy it. Tonya’s home was inundated with floodwaters for a couple of weeks. The damage was very serious, estimated at $47,000 which equals nearly 65% of her home’s current market value. Because of her city’s substantial damage provision, it looks like she’ll have to count on another $7,500 in costs in order for her home to comply with city flood management standards. In this case, assuming Tonya has sufficient Coverage D limits, the additional costs are covered by her flood policy.

Again, a state or community must be exercising its own cumulative or substantial damage provision against the structure.

(1) The standards listed above in item 3.a.(1)

Coverage D will also pay the additional costs (subject to its insurance limits) when c. or d. below apply:

Note: Item d. is subject to item Exclusion D.5.g. below

e. Payment may also be made to help with compliance costs for rebuilding a structure at an elevation that meets the applicable community's base flood elevation (if the base flood level meets NFIP requirements). Payment is also made in instances where a damaged or destroyed home that previously received a variance (an exception or waiver) must now conform to local or State standards.

4. Conditions

This section contains a fairly straight-forward explanation of a couple of stipulations involving loss payments under Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance.

· Elevate

· Floodproof

· Relocate

· Demolish (including clearing the site, discontinuing utilities, and properly abandoning utilities located on the loss site), a covered structure including any combination of the above activities.

b. The building that is rebuilt or repaired must have the same use and occupancy as the building that was damaged or destroyed UNLESS a change is made because of an ordinance or law.

Example: Kevin Hektyk’s home was, in essence, destroyed by a flood. Kevin, an urban “graffiti” artist, used a couple of rooms in his old home as a studio and exhibition room. Being both bold and creative, Kevin got permission to rebuild his two-story home with the ground floor rebuilt as one, gigantic room, without the “superfluous” middle-class amenities such as a bathroom or a kitchen. The rebuilding costs were much higher in order to properly reinforce the foundation and floor joists so the bottom floor could support the conventional upper story. The adjuster denied the additional construction costs but did praise Kevin for his vision and said he’ll come to his next showing.

5. Exclusions

a. Community floodplain management laws or ordinances. This exclusion applies only to communities under the NFIP Emergency Program.

Since the flood coverage in such communities is limited, it is logical to restrict strained insurance resources to covering direct losses.

b. Pollution related regulations that mandate an insured to do any of the following related to the impact of pollutants:

· Test for

· Clean up

· Monitor

· Contain

· Treat

· Detoxify

· Neutralize

· Respond to

· Assess

Note: The dwelling form flood policy uses the same description of pollutants that is found in standard ISO property and casualty insurance policies.

c. A loss in value to any covered structure or building when compliance with flood regulations creates the reduction.

Note: Though a claim involving such an occurrence is possible, it is difficult to see how a party might expect coverage since the policy is restricted to covering direct flood damage and certain indirect, increased construction costs. Another consideration is this: If the policy states that this specific “loss” is excluded under Coverage D, can a claimant argue that it IS covered elsewhere under the policy?

d. The loss of residual value of the undamaged portion of a covered structure that must be demolished or relocated because of complying with a flood regulation.

e. The Coverage D compliance costs will not be paid unless both the following conditions are met:

(1) Until the covered building actually undergoes the required elevation, floodproofing, demolition or relocation

(2) The required compliance activity takes place within a maximum of two years from the loss date.

Note: This is really more a condition than an exclusion.

f. Any code upgrade requirements that are not part of a state or local floodplain management law or ordinance.

This concerns updating a structure’s plumbing, electrical system, etc., that may be required in various ordinances or laws but that are not specifically flood related.

Example: Lynn Skofflaw is rebuilding the home that was decimated by flooding. Her home is being rebuilt from the foundation. Besides having to elevate her home to comply with Floodville’s anti-flood provisions, she also has to use state-of-the art wiring and high-voltage capacity circuits which are part of the Floodville 2005 upgrade ordinances. When Lynn asks that the additional $4,000 in costs be added to her flood claim, she’s told that it isn’t a direct cost of flood compliance, so it’s not covered.

Example: Let’s use Lynn Skofflaw again. This time, in order to make the most of a bad situation, Lynn decides to have an addition built onto the home (naturally, at Lynn’s expense). A Floodville inspector points out that the addition must also be modified to comply with anti-flooding ordinances. Lynn requests her insurer to pay for the additional $1,550 cost, but it is not eligible for reimbursement.

h. Loss due to any ordinance or law that the insured was required to comply with before the current loss.

Example: Andy Sloff’s home was flooded by the overflow from Shallow Lake. Because it took several days for the water to subside, Andy’s home was substantially damaged. The insurance company estimated the loss to be about $52,000, or nearly 70% of the home’s current market value. It also included an estimate of $3,000 in work needed in order for the rebuilt home to comply with local flood ordinances. The day that an insurance company adjuster came by with a check, Andy said:

“I can’t believe it! When the town told me to have the work done to comply with the ordinances last year, the estimate I got was just for $1,700.” The adjuster took the check back and said he’ll issue a new one after deducting the portion meant to cover the compliance work.

i. Any rebuilding activity to standards that does not meet the NFIP’s minimum requirements.

This includes any situation where the insured has received from the state or community a variance in connection with the current flood loss to rebuild the property to an elevation below the base flood elevation.

In other words, even when a policyholder suffers a serious loss which includes a requirement to improve the structure to meet local flood standards, but not the minimum standards set by the NFIP, the dwelling policy’s Coverage D will not cover the increased cost even when the policyholder has a variance not requiring him or her to meet the higher standard.

It would appear that this exclusion would come into play under rare circumstances. However, there may be an instance such as the following.

Example: Lowlee Motivaytid’s home suffered flood damage equal to 65% of the current market value of his home. Circle-land’s anti-flood regulations required him to elevate and floodproof his home according to Circle-land’s independently derived standards, which were below the NFIP standards. Lowlee’s flood policy has Coverage D limits of $10,000. The increased cost to comply is $8,000 to meet Circle-land’s standards and $12,000 to meet the NFIP standards. Lowlee decides to avoid out of pocket costs that would be created by meeting NFIP standards and rebuilds his home according to Circle-land requirements. Lowlee is shocked to discover that, since his compliance efforts do not meet NFIP standards, he’ll have to handle the entire $8,000 as out-of-pocket expenses.

j. Increased Cost of Compliance for garage or carport

There is no protection under Coverage D for increased costs to bring carports or garages in compliance with state or local ordinances.

k. Any instance involving property that is protected by a Group Flood Insurance Policy issued pursuant to 44 CFR 61.17.

Simply, any structure insured under the specified group policy is not eligible for protection because that would result in duplicate coverage.

l. Assessments made by a condominium association or individual condominium unit-owners to pay increased costs of repairing commonly owned buildings after a flood in compliance with state or local floodplain management ordinances or laws.

Example: Jan Cubbihole was still in the process of getting her condo back in order after suffering a big flood loss when she got a notice from her Condo Association. Leekalot Landings is assessing all of the condo owners for damages to the Leekalot Disco Lounge (the condo was built in the late ‘70s). Jan is in no mood to dance when she reads in her dwelling policy that the $2,345 assessment isn’t covered.

6. Other Provisions

There are two items under this part.

· This item tells the policyholder that any increase in cost of a serious loss does not affect any insurance-to-value calculation that is made to see if the insurance coverage qualifies for reimbursement on a replacement cost basis; nor for coverage as described under Article 8 concerning losses involving land subsidence, sewer backup or water seepage.

· This item is a notice that all of the policy’s remaining conditions and provisions apply to Coverage D.

IV. Property Not Covered

This section explains the types of property and situations that are not eligible as covered property. The dwelling form standard policy does NOT COVER:

1. Personal property that is in the open.

If the property is not in a building, it isn’t covered. This provision is pretty logical since such property is very vulnerable to loss and is also highly portable; so, an insured should be encouraged to protect such property by moving it into a fully enclosed building.

Note: Depending upon circumstances, moving such property may qualify for expense reimbursement under the policy's "Property Moved" provision.

2. A building and personal property in the building located entirely in, on, or over water or seaward of mean high tide if the building was newly constructed or substantially improved after September 30, 1982.

It appears that beach front housing may not qualify for coverage depending upon when it was built or depending upon the tide. An ongoing problem with the flood program is having to respond to losses involving property located in areas that are practically guaranteed to suffer substantial flood damage. One goal of the NFIP is the attempt to discourage such building activity or, at least, to place the loss exposure in the property owner’s hands.

3. Damage to open structures and damage to personal property located in, on, or over water. Boat houses and structures in which floating boats are kept or stored are also ineligible.

6. Land and its value is not covered. Living, growing property such as lawns, trees, shrubs, plants, and crops are ineligible. In addition, animals are not covered.

8. Wells, septic tanks, septic systems, and all other underground structures and equipment are ineligible property

9. Surfaces that lie outside a covered property’s perimeter walls are not insured. Examples are walks, walkways, deck driveways, patios, and other surfaces) are not affected by their type of construction nor by whether they are covered.

Hopefully, it’s evident that this provision continues the policy’s trend of narrowly defining the subject of insurance: the residence structure, selected other structures and certain classes of personal property.

Example: Ned Duz loves his first home which he bought at a bargain since it was a “fixer-upper.” Ned made sure he got a flood policy and he has been busy making the outside of his house look as good as his neighbors’ property. Unfortunately, the morning after he just had a new cement driveway poured, his neighborhood was flooded with standing water for an entire day. While Ned’s home just lost some old carpeting, he was planning on removing and it has to have a few panels of drywall replaced, his new $5,000 driveway was ruined. The damaged driveway is not eligible for coverage under his flood policy.

10. Containers

Another ineligible item is a tank for storing gas or other liquids.

Example: Tess and Durberval are converting their home from being heated by a woodburning stove to an oil-heated home. The excavating contractor leaves the oil tank next to their detached garage until they can dig a hole and install the tank. One night, a flash flood sweeps up the heavy tank, and smashes it into one of the excavator’s trucks. The tank’s seam is ripped open, and the tank sinks, embedding itself in a neighbor’s front lawn. There would not be coverage for the tank.

11. Property below ground, meaning a building or unit and its contents, including personal property and machinery and equipment.

Underground homes or structures, including contents, are not covered by the dwelling policy if slightly half or more of the structure’s actual cash value is located below the base flood elevation or the adjacent ground level; this is depending upon whether the home is part of the Regular or Emergency Flood Program. This exclusion does not apply in instances where a home has used earth in an approved manner for insulation. An insured would have to have documentation to prove that the home and insulation installation met with building construction and energy conservation standards as well as with the NFIP’s applicable elevation requirements. In other words, taking the world’s best built bi-level home and covering it with clay-packed soil would not qualify for coverage under the flood program even if the earth packing saved on air-conditioning costs.

Note: This exclusion is an all-or-nothing premise. If the structure’s features cause it to fail to qualify for coverage, then ALL of the accompanying structures and contents are ineligible.

12. Other structural property that is ineligible for protection includes fences, retaining walls, seawalls, bulkheads, wharves, piers, bridges, and docks.

13. Aircraft and watercraft are not covered and the exclusion extends to related furnishings and equipment.

14. Indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Similar, ineligible property includes recreational hot tubs and spas, included their related (plumbing) equipment. This does apply to such items when a part of a bathroom.

15. Buildings and their contents made ineligible for flood insurance pursuant to the provisions of the Coastal Barrier Resources Act, 16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., and the Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101- 591, 16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. Unless such property has stickers that identify it as being ineligible under these Acts, an insured would have to get her hands on a copy of this information. It’s unlikely that ignorance of these regulations would result in the property being covered.

16. Personal Property in which an insured has a joint ownership interest due to membership in a condominium association.

Example: Jan files a claim for flood loss to a very expensive home entertainment system. Her insurer turns the claim down when it is discovered that she owned the system along with the other members of her condo association. She pitched in on the cost for the system that was located and used in the association's club house.

Exclusions

A. The Dwelling Form Standard Flood Insurance Policy will not compensate, reimburse an insured, nor provide an allowance for:

1. Loss of revenue or profits

There is no opportunity under the flood policy to be reimbursed for potential profits that are lost because of a covered event.

2. Loss of access to the insured property or premises (described location)

This is rather similar to exclusion example A.1. The difference is that this is an indirect source of loss that does not or may not involve any loss to any covered property.

3. The insured’s loss of use of the insured premises (described location) and/or the covered property.

While an insured can suffer genuine economic harm from a flood that prevents an insured from using his residence or property, such loss is indirect; so, it would not qualify as a recoverable loss.

4. Loss resulting from interruption of business

Example: Jill Rightkounter is a self-employed accountant who is living with out-of-town relatives until the flooding in her hometown recedes. Jill is unable to get to her home/office for three weeks. When she does get back into her office, she’s upset to find that several persons called in to request her services. She returns the calls, but since so much time has passed, they all found other accounting services. Jill estimates that she lost more than $6,000 in potential business. This indirect loss is not covered.

5. Additional living expenses incurred while the insured building is being repaired or is uninhabitable for any reason.

6. Any increased cost of repair or reconstruction as a result of any ordinance regulating reconstruction or repair, except as provided in Coverage D – Increased Cost of Compliance.

It is important to review what protection is provided by Coverage D. Otherwise, any legal requirement that adds to the cost to repair or replace a damaged home is not covered. Why is there a need for such an exclusion? The rating for any insurance policy relies upon having solid information about the maximum exposure to loss. Laws or rules that substantially change an insurer’s exposure, without adjusting their premium for the increased exposure, are a threat to an insurer’s ability to provide coverage to all of its customers.

7. Any other situation that creates economic loss

B. A loss which already exists at the time when the effective date of the flood policy first takes effect. The starting time for coverage is 12:01 A.M. of the first day of the policy period. This same stipulation exists concerning any increase in coverage (that is requested). Neither coverage, NOR a higher limit of coverage apply to a flood loss that has already occurred.

C. Losses involving earth movement. Examples of earth movement are the following:

· Earthquake

· Sinkholes

· Land destabilization or movement caused by underground water accumulation

· Gradual erosion

· Land subsidence

· Landslide

An exception is made for the limited types of earth movement which ARE covered. You must refer to the definition of flood in order to understand this exception.

D. Losses involving other causes, including:

1. Weight or the pressure of ice

2. The effects of freezing and thawing

3. Rain, snow, sleet, hail, or water spray

4. While the flood policy does provide coverage for damage caused by flooding, it does not cover losses involving any if the following:

· Water

· Moisture

· Mildew

· Mold

This is the case IF:

· The condition is under the insured’s control. Circumstances that may be considered to be under an insured’s control are defects in design or structure; mechanical deficiencies, failure, or stoppage; as well as broken water lines, pumps, sewer lines, drains, fixtures, or equipment.

Example: Greg's rental home is covered by a standard flood policy. Greg is surprised that, after a claims adjuster inspects the damage to the interior of his rental and his (landlord) furnishings, his claim is denied. The adjuster tells him that, since he didn't repair an instance of maintenance-related cracking in his foundation, it was insufficient to hold out the water and the loss is not covered.

5. The flood policy does not cover damage from water or water-borne material seepage, sewer backup or sump pump backup. However, if flood that is in the area and is the proximate cause of such activities, it is covered.

6. The pressure or weight of water UNLESS such damage is due directly from flooding.

8. Loss from theft, fire, explosion, wind, or windstorm is not covered

This is a logical exclusion because the flood coverage is meant to dovetail with other policies that respond to non-flood sources of loss to insured property.

9. A loss caused intentionally by the insured or any person on the insured’s behalf (agent)

Example: The Arguetons and their neighbors worked hard for hours and successfully protected their property with sandbags. The bags were put up in time to hold back flood waters created by a heavy snow thaw from the surrounding hillsides. Cliff Argueton, still angry with his parents for grounding him for missing several curfews, pulls down several bags from the wall in front of his parent's home. Although he regrets his action while watching the water cascade into the front of his house, his bigger regret is that the damage is not covered. As they hurriedly replace the sandbags, Cliff’s parents regret having a teen.

10. A loss caused by the insured’s modification to the insured property which materially increases the risk of flooding.

Example: Tired of maintaining his home’s lawn, gardens and landscaping, Jim has everything ripped out and he then paves over the entire area surrounding his home. His lawn and gardening days are done. However, he now has to invest in sandbags since rains result in serious amounts of water draining into his home. The several flood losses he has suffered since the “Big Pave” are ineligible for coverage.

E. There is no coverage for flood damage to any property that is located on property that is leased from the Federal Government under the following circumstances:

· The property has been flooded by the Federal Government

· There is a hold harmless agreement that relieves the government from liability under the flood policy

Further, in the above situation, no claim can be made for any indirect losses or expenses related to the property being flooded.

Example: Bert and Kimmy Bravewoods have leased a cabin from the government in the heart of the Cooterland National Forest Preserve for the last two years. The preserve is near the Cooterland Reservoir that overlooks the town of Drencherton. Without any notice, a couple of the preserve’s rangers evacuate the Bravewoods from their cabin with only time to grab the bare essentials. The rangers mention that the reservoir’s level has been rising and is threatening Drencherton. Shortly after arriving at a ranger’s post which overlooks their area of the preserve, the Bravewoods witness their leased cabin and all of their belongings being deluged by a controlled flood caused by draining the reservoir in order to protect Drencherton. The Bravewoods are told that the preserve hasn’t had to be flooded in nearly ten years. The fact doesn’t console the Bravewoods, who know that they’ve signed a hold harmless agreement so their flood loss isn’t covered.

F. Finally, there is no coverage for the expense of having to monitor or test for property that may have been contaminated. However, some coverage is permitted when the testing/monitoring is mandated by an ordinance or law.

VI. Deductibles

A. As is the case with most policies, the insured is responsible for sharing part of any eligible loss. The amount that appears in the declarations applies to eligible losses and the policy begins payment above that amount. Double that amount applies to loss involving buildings under construction that have less than two exterior (rigid) walls in place.

Example: Carson’s home is destroyed by a flood. His policy declaration lists a deductible of $1,000:

Scenario: His home was two years old – Deductible Paid, $1,000

Scenario: He was building a new home and, prior to the flood, the construction had just completed one exterior wall – Deductible Paid, $2,000.

B. Unlike many other property policies, this policy applies its deductible separately to its structural and personal property coverages.

C. The policy’s deductible does not apply to the following provisions:

Loss Avoidance Measures
Condominium Loss Assessments
Increased Cost of Compliance

VII. General Conditions

This article’s contents concern either coverage or contractual issues.

A. Pair and Set Clause

If an article which is part of a pair or set is lost the insurer has the option of paying an amount equal to the cost of replacing the lost article, less depreciation, or an amount which represents the fair proportion of the total value of the pair or set that the lost article bears to the pair or set.

This provision gives an insurer the flexibility of handling the loss of such an item as individual property. Yes, the insurer tries to settle the loss while considering the fact that a piece is part of a pair or set. However, the insurer is not obligated to automatically settle such losses as though the insured has lost the full value of the pair or set. Traditionally, earrings were seen as either having full value as a set or no value as single pieces, but fashion has changed this to the point that single earrings often retain full value because they can be worn individually.

B. Concealment, Fraud, Policy Voidance

· Lied about or concealed any material fact

· Committed any fraudulent act concerning this insurance

· Made a false statement

Insurance policies are contracts where the party providing the insurance protection is highly dependent upon an applicant for information concerning the insurance-worthiness of their property. The NFIP is so sensitive about this contractual issue that, unlike most property and casualty programs, the application is a legal part of the insurance contract. An applicant who decides to either hide or lie about information that would affect the insurer’s decision to accept or properly rate a flood policy faces the prospect of losing their coverage, even at the time of a loss.

2. If a policy is voided, the move takes place as of the wrongful act.

Note: Besides voided coverage, fraudulent acts may also be subject to additional action (civil penalties, fines) and even jail time.

C. Other Insurance

1. If a loss that is covered by this policy is also covered by other insurance, whether collectible or not, the insurer is obligated to pay no more than what would be covered under this policy. It is limited to the proportion of the loss that the limit of liability which applies under this policy bears to the total amount of insurance. However, this proportion amount applies only if neither of the following applies:

· This policy is primary but the deductible amounts differ. After it meets is own deductible it alone pays until the deductible of the other insurance is satisfied. Once the other insurance’s deductible is met, all losses are then shared in the proportion the remaining limit on this policy bears to the amount of insurance that remains available from both policies.

2. If this policy is issued to a condominium association and a covered loss occurs to a condominium unit owner who has separate flood coverage, this this policy responds on a primary basis.

Note: This provision is triggered regardless of another source of coverage’s collectability. On its face, this would mean that the amount of coverage under the flood policy would contribute on a proportional basis even if another source can’t be collected.

Example: Prissa Guile’s home is protected by a dwelling flood policy for $75,000. Prissa also bought a “Structures Insurance Contract” from Up ‘n’ Gone Insurance Collective with limits of $25,000. After a serious flood loss, estimated at $20,000, Prissa discovers that the collective is insolvent and no insurance protection will be paid. However, since the collective is still considered a separate source of protection, Prissa is only able to collect $15,000 under her flood policy. The reduced settlement represents the flood policy’s 75% contribution to the loss.

Note: The result illustrated in the example is theoretical. The Other Insurance provision also states that the flood policy will pay its share of the entire amount of insurance that applies to a loss. When another source of protection is uncollectible, then the flood insurance is the only protection available. So, it may be argued that full, rather than proportional, protection is the policy’s obligation.

D. Amendments, Waivers, Assignment

E. Cancellation of Policy by You

An insured under the general property flood policy may choose any time to cancel his or her coverage. Any refund will be handled according to NFIP rules.

Example: Flud B. Free sent a letter to his insurer demanding that his flood coverage be cancelled effective immediately. A month later, Flud calls his insurer and asks why he hasn’t received a refund. Flud is told that his policy was cancelled, but that no premium is going to be returned because his request didn’t comply with the reasons for allowing premium refunds.

F. Nonrenewal of the Policy by Us

This condition explains that coverage will not be renewed if the community where the covered property is located no longer participated in the National Flood Insurance Program or if the covered building is classified as ineligible.

G. Reduction and Reformation Coverage

2a. Once the problem is discovered, the insured will get a notice to send in the additional premium. If the additional amount is received in time, coverage will be reformed to supply full–term coverage at the original amount requested or, if the discovery occurred after a loss, settlement will be made according to the full amount of initial coverage. If the additional amount is not received in time, coverage will continue at the reduced amount or, if applicable, the loss will be settled according to the reduced amount.

Note: If a mortgagee or trustee exercises this right, the benefit only applies to that party.

Exactly what happens when an insured doesn’t pay the full premium? The following is the basic order of events:

1. The insurer discovers that the premium payment is insufficient

2. An additional billing is sent to the insured

3. The insured has 30 days from the date of the written additional premium notice to send payment

4. If payment is received in time, coverage is restored according to the amounts originally requested

5. The coverage restoration is effective either on the inception date of the policy term or, in the case of an endorsement form, the endorsement’s effective date.

If the insufficient premium is discovered before a loss, the additional premium billing is for the current policy term or, if applicable, the full endorsement term.

2b. If the insufficient premium is discovered after a loss, the additional premium billing is for the current policy term as well as (when applicable) the PREVIOUS policy term or, if applicable, the full endorsement term.

Example: Jane Shortfall’s insurance limit on her home was $89,000 and her premium payment was discovered to be inadequate to cover the full amount. She received notice that additional premium was due and if Jane doesn’t make an additional payment, her coverage will be reduced to $81,000. However, Flooderton First Financial is Jane’s mortgagee and is listed on the policy. Flooderton also receives a copy of the additional premium notice. While their notice also gives 30 days to pay the additional premium or remain covered for the reduced amount, the mortgagee benefit is to reform coverage to meet their loan amount of $84,000 rather than Jane’s request for coverage at $89,000. Let’s say that, somehow, Flooderton had an outstanding loan of $93,000. The policy wording is not clear on whether the mortgagee would be protected beyond the amount of coverage originally requested. However, the implication is that since the topic is what happens when insufficient premium is received, a mortgagee would be limited to the original amount requested IF the loan were the higher amount.

H. Policy Renewal

2. In simplest terms, the insured has to pay the renewal premium within 30 days of the policy expiration date or coverage ends as of the policy’s expiration date.

In the event that a payment is BOTH received and accepted by the NFIP, a renewal policy will be sent to the insured.

· The second notice will have a separate 30-day grace period. If it is paid in time, the coverage will renew. If it is not paid, the policy remains expired.

4. Recertification – An insured may be required to confirm that all of their rating information is still correct. The NFIP uses a Recertification Questionnaire for this purpose.

I. Conditions Suspending or Restricting Insurance

J. Requirements in Case of Loss

Should a flood loss occur to the insured property, the following actions must be taken by the named insured:

1. Notify the insurer in writing promptly

2. As soon as reasonably possible, separate the damaged and undamaged property, putting it in the best possible order so that the insurer may examine it

3. Prepare a complete inventory of the damaged property. The inventory has to describe all quantities, descriptions, loss amounts and ACV of each item, along with any documentation (i.e., receipts).

4. Within 60 days following the loss the proof of loss must be sent to the insurer. A valid proof of loss is a written statement about the amount being claimed under the policy. This document must be signed by the insured and it is a sworn statement which must include the following information:

a. The date and time of the loss

b. An explanation that can be brief about how the loss happened

c. The named insured’s (financial) interest in the property damaged and any other interests in the damaged property.

e. Details of any changes in ownership, use, occupancy, location, or possession of the insured property since the policy was issued

f. Building specifications and repair estimates

g. Names of mortgagees or all others who might have a lien, charge, or claim against the property insured under this policy

h. Details about whoever was occupying occupied any insured building at the time of loss. This should include the purpose for which it was being occupied.

i. The inventory of damaged property as explained in item J. 3 above.

6. The named insured is required to cooperate with the adjuster or representative as they investigate the claim.

7. The adjuster investigating the claim may provide a proof of loss form and may even help in its completion. However, this is a matter of courtesy only, and the insured must still send a proof of loss to the insurer within 60 days after the loss even if the adjuster does not furnish the form or help in its completion.

8. The adjuster is not authorized to approve or disapprove claims or guarantee whether the claim will be approved.

K. Our Options after a Loss

3. Options to Replace:

As long as it reacts within 30 days of getting (an acceptable) proof of loss, the insurer may elect among several options to respond to a flood loss. The insurer may replace, rebuild, or repair the damaged property. It may then take possession of damaged property at the value both parties agree upon or that is established through an appraisal. The possession may either be in part or in whole.

L. No Benefit to Bailee

This merely states that the named insured is the only insurable interest protected by this policy.

M. Loss Payment

1. Once the named insured files a proof of loss and the insurer accepts it as valid, the insurer is obligated to pay for the loss within:

· 60 days if the named insured submitted the Proof of Loss

· 90 days if the signed adjuster’s report was used instead of the proof of loss

Note: This part of the policy can be misleading as there are administrative rules which decide such items as when the NFIP can make a final loss determination.

2. If the proof of loss (claim) is wholly or partially denied, the named insured has the following options:

· Accept the denial

· File an amended proof of loss but must do so within the time period allowed by the Administrator

· Exercise their other rights under this policy.

N. Abandonment

The named insured does not have the right to abandon any covered property to the insurer, even if it is damaged. This clause works in hand with the provision on salvage.

O. Salvage

If the insurer gives its permission, the named insured may be allowed to keep “salvaged” property. Nevertheless, the insurer will have to adjust any loss payment to reflect the fact that salvage property was kept by the insured.

Note: This would include future payments. In essence, salvage property could conceivably become ineligible property.

P. Appraisal

If the insurer and the named insured do not agree over the value of the covered property or the amount of the loss (as applicable on either an ACV or replacement cost basis), each party has 20 days (after receiving a written request from the other party) to select an appraiser. The two appraisers will select an umpire.

If they do not agree on an umpire within 15 days, the two appraisers will ask a judge of a court of record of the state where the appraisal is pending to make the selection. Each appraiser will submit their own suggestions of value for each item of property, with any disputes submitted to the judge. The insured and the insurer are bound by the written agreement of any two of these three persons. Each party will pay its appraiser and the two parties will share the cost of the umpire and related expenses equally.

Q. Mortgage Clause

This condition states that it applies only to the covered building and only when that building has a mortgage interest (a trustee’s interest also qualifies) shown in the policy or if the insurer finds out about the mortgage interest before any loss is paid. The rest of this condition is VERY long-winded but it states in essence:

· Any loss payment will be made to either a mortgagee or trustee, in accordance to how their interests appear.

· The property interests are paid in order of precedence.

· The maximum amount of payment is limited to the mortgagee/trustee’s actual financial interest.

· The mortgagee can maintain the policy even when there’s an increase in hazard or a change of title IF they notify the insurer of this change.

Note: The policy can be rendered void if the mortgagee doesn’t pay the additional premium necessary to cover the exposure to a higher hazard of loss.

· The mortgagee is entitled to a separate 30-day advanced notice of cancellation.

· The insurer may, under certain conditions, acquire the mortgagee’s right to recover against a party that damaged the covered property.

· The existence of subrogation doesn’t affect the mortgagee’s right to full payment under the policy.

R. Suits Against Us

While the insured may file suit against the insurer, the right is limited by the following:

· The suit has to be filed within one year after being notified that the claim is denied

· All other policy conditions, such as an appraisal, must be satisfied

· The suit has to be filed in the district court where the covered property is located

S. Subrogation

Often when a loss occurs, the damage may involve more than the force of nature. It could well involve another party that has some level of responsibility. This is a party that may be sued in order to recoup a loss payment. Recognizing this, the insurer, after making any valid loss payment, assumes the insured's right to take legal action against other parties. This transfer of rights (subrogation) is automatic. This right is so important that, if an insured knowingly does anything to harm them, the insurer may possibly seek recoupment from the insured.

Should the named insured receive any payment from other parties, the insured must pay back to the insurance company what it paid on the loss. The remaining payment than belongs to the insured.

T. Continuous Lake Flooding

Example: Pam’s home is in a hopeless situation. Pam lives roughly a mile from Ol’ Flooduh Lake which overflowed its banks in late March and flooded Pam’s home. It is now almost August and the lake’s waters still flow through the upper story of her home. Pam decides that the house is ruined and she elects to be paid the $72,000 limits of her flood policy. Before receiving settlement, Pam has to sign a special release.

The release mentioned above stipulates the following conditions, which must be accepted by an insured in order to receive payment under the continuous flooding condition:

1. To make no further claim under this policy.

2. Not to seek renewal of this policy; and

3. Not to apply for any flood insurance under the Act for property at the location of the insured building.

The release mentioned above stipulates the following conditions, which must be accepted by an insured in order to receive payment under the continuous flooding provision:

a. No additional claim may be made under the policy

b. No attempt may be made for renewal policy coverage

c. Not to apply for any flood insurance under the Act for property at the location of the insured building

d. The named insured may not attempt to be reimbursed from previous premium payments.

2. When the inundation of water if from a closed-basin lake, the insured has an option to claim based on T. 1 above or based on the information within this item. A closed basin lake is naturally occurred and has no water outflow so that water in the lake is reduced only via evaporation. To qualify the area of the lake must be or has been in the past at least one square mile.

b. Prior to approving a claim under this part of the policy, the name insured must meet several requirements including:

· Accepting payment that incorporates a salvage value of the affected property (the policy refers to a negotiated salvage)

· Comply fully with part 1. of the continuous lake flooding provision

e. The authorities that have jurisdiction of the property’s new location has to accommodate the named insured’s use of the new location (via land ordinance or moratorium) which aligns with the easement granted for the payment agreement, must monitor and report to FEMA concerning any flood provision violations and must comply with the restricted land use of the vacated ASC, even if that area falls into ownership by a non-profit organization

f. No claim payment may be approved without the applicable State fully complying with FEMA’s policies established for closed basin lakes

g. Continuous flood coverage is required for the relocated property, but a 60-day period of non-coverage is granted in situations involving transfer of property

h. The T. 2 part of the condition is in effect only if applicable community receives documentation of the policy provision compliance from the applicable FEMA Regional Director.

U. Duplicate Policies Not Allowed

However, if the existence of duplicate coverage was unintentional by the named insured, when the insurer discovers it, a notice will be mailed to the named insured of the situation and asking which of the methods is to be used in solving the dilemma:

The earlier dated policy is to be maintained. The named insured can then choose to add coverage limits from the later issued policy. The limits are added as of the effective date of that later issued policy.
The later dated policy is to be maintained, the named insured can then choose to add coverage limits of the earlier policy as of the effective date of the later date policy.

If limit changes are made, any additional premium is charged on a pro rata premium. The insurer will make a refund for the policy that must be cancelled.

This condition may have been better handled as a sub-part of the policy's Other Insurance provision. Note that this condition operates under numerous assumptions, including:

It refers to more than one policy but only addresses a maximum of two policies. What if there are more than two?
It assumes that the two policies have different effective dates
It is designed to deal with policies having different policy limits
The condition is written as though the different policy limits fall below the maximum value of the property or below the maximum permitted by the Act
It assumes that the duplicate coverage is written under the same insured’s name.

Perhaps this condition should be re-visited in order for it to deal with more situations or to deal with corrections more effectively. The procedure under the condition currently requires that one policy be amended, an additional billing being sent and possibly paid. Application means the written statement the insured person completed and signed for the purpose of getting a flood policy sent for the amended coverage amount and a refund be processed for the other policy. Would it make more sense to see if the two policy premiums could be combined and then either refund or additionally bill under the remaining policy?

V. Loss Settlement

1. This provision concerns itself with the basis to be used after a loss occurs to eligible property. Settlement will occur according to:

· The cost to repair or replaces the damaged property

· A special loss settlement basis that exists for damaged manufactured, mobile or travel trailer residences

· The actual cash value of the damaged property

a. The replacement cost basis applies to single-family residences, but is contingent on two important items:

· The residence must be the named insured's principal residence

In order for a dwelling to be considered the principal residence, the named insured or spouse must have lived at that location 80% of the 365 days before a loss or, if the residence has been owned for less than 365 days, must have lived there the entire period since gaining ownership.

· The amount of insurance appearing on the limit portion of the declarations must represent at least 80% of the home's full replacement cost OR, if not, be the maximum amount of insurance that can be purchased under the NFIP rules.

Item 2. provides more detail on replacement cost.

b. Special Loss Settlement applies to manufactured or mobile homes and travel trailers. It is described in more detail in item 3 below.

c. An actual cash value provision is used for single-family homes that are NOT subject to either replacement cost or special loss settlement. This basis is described in item 4. below.

2. Replacement Cost

A loss under the replacement cost provision obligates payment for damage that is net of the applicable policy deductible. However, no consideration is made for value lost due to wear and tear and age (depreciation). Any payment is subject to the least of the total available amount of coverage written for the damage; replacing the damaged portion with similar property; or repairing the damaged property (for use as a dwelling).

Sometimes it is necessary to rebuild the destroyed property at a different site. In such instances, the flood policy will act as though the original location was the site of construction. In other words, additional costs created by use of a different site have to be handled by the insured.

Also, for any settlement payment that exceeds $1,000 or 5% of the covered structure, the payment is, essentially frozen, until rebuilding actually begins.

A policyholder can file for immediate payment based on the damaged property’s actual cash value and has up to 180 days after the loss date to advise the insurance company of an intent to make an additional claim based upon the replacement cost provision.

A unique situation may arise when the residence is in a community that is moved out of the Emergency Flood Program into the Regular Flood Program during that residence’s policy term. When this occurs, the maximum amount of protection available is based on what was available under the Emergency Flood Program at the beginning of the policy term and not was available under the Regular Flood Program that was in effect at the time of the loss.

3. Special Loss Settlement

This settlement basis applies to manufactured or mobile homes and travel trailers. However, in order to qualify, the structure must be at least 16 ft wide, be used as a principal residence and have a total living area of at least 600 square feet. Principal residency is established in the same manner as it is for dwellings qualifying for replacement cost coverage.

When such property is severely damaged or destroyed, the insurer may choose the least expensive of three options:

· Pay the applicable policy limits

· Pay 1.5 times the property's actual cash value

· Pay its replacement cost

Example: Mindy's double-wide mobile home is destroyed by a flood. The home was swept off its concrete pad and smashed, then inundated by a mudflow. The home's actual cash value at the time of loss was $39,000. The limit on her flood policy was $45,000. The insurer pays Mindy $45,000 since that amount is considerably less than $58,500 ($39,000 multiplied by 1.5).

If the amount of damage is at the level where it makes economic sense to repair, loss will be settled according to the policy’s replacement cost provisions in item 2. above.

4. Actual Cash Value (ACV)

The following types of property must be settled on actual cash value:

a. Dwellings

Residences that, when a loss occurs, have a written liability limit that represents less than 80% of its full replacement cost and does NOT at least meet the maximum coverage permitted under the NFIP are settled on an actual cash value basis. Payment (subject to the applicable policy’s limit that appears on the declarations) is based on the greater amount represented by the following:

· The damaged area’s actual cash value

· The calculated proportion of the repair/replacement cost for the damaged area – net of deductible, but without consideration of depreciation

The proportion calculation depends on the relationship of the dwelling’s 80% replacement cost value to the maximum amount of permitted NFIP coverage.

If 80% Of Applicable Dwelling’s Replacement Cost Value Is:
Less Than Permitted Maximum NFIP Coverage Proportion Is Calculated By:	More Than Permitted Maximum NFIP Coverage Proportion Is Calculated By:
Dwelling ACV ÷ (Dwelling Full RC X .80)	Dwelling ACV ÷ Amount of Maximum Coverage Permitted by NFIP

b. Dwellings that are 2, 3 or 4 family units

c. Any unit not used for only a single-family dwelling

d. Garages but only when detached

e. Carpets, their pads, and any appliances

f. Outdoor equipment such as awnings, antennas, and other items

g. Abandoned property that is considered debris on the described location

h. Any dwelling that is not the named insured’s principal residence.

5. Amount of Required Insurance

In developing the amount of needed coverage to be used in determining the 80% replacement rule, the following certain values are removed:

· Footings, foundations, piers

· Structural supports that are beneath the dwelling’s lowest floor or, if there is no basement, are contained within the foundation

· Excavations, underground drains, flues, pipes, and wiring

Note: No calculations should include consideration of any amount of coverage provided by the policy’s Increased Cost of Compliance provision.

VIII. Liberalization Clause

This condition allows changes to be made to the flood program without having to immediately correct the wording of policies that are produced and distributed prior to any changes.

Because many policies are issued prior to their policy term, the liberalization clause applies to not only changes that happen during the policy term but also up to 60 days prior to the policy term.

IX. What Law Governs

This is another notification to remind the policyholder that the coverages and application of the policy are controlled by FEMA regulations and the National Flood Insurance Act, as well as Federal common law. The current edition of the Dwelling Policy was produced in 1998, reflecting the frequency in which revisions are made by FEMA. Of course, the Liberalization Clause does help to protect insureds against “negative” coverage developments which may occur.

CLAIM GUIDELINES IN CASE OF A FLOOD

This is a helpful addition to the flood policy because it provides a central point of information in case of flood and also provides some very easy to follow steps after a loss has occurred:

The 800 numbers for the NFIP are provided. In addition, a space is provided for the policyholder to enter the insurance agent’s name and phone number.

The following should happen after a loss occurs:

· The named insured must notify either the insurance company or the agent as soon as possible

· The claim is assigned to an adjuster that has been certified by the NFIP

· The named insured should be contacted by an adjuster within 24 hours of the claim notice. If such contact hasn’t been made, the named insured should identify who their claims adjuster is and contact him or her. Unfortunately, it doesn’t say how to do that.

· Organize and preserve damaged property to assist the adjuster’s evaluation of the damage. The damaged and undamaged items must be separated.

· Take interior and exterior photographs which show damages and specifically shows the height of the water

· Verification records, such as account books, financial records, receipts should be placed in an easily accessible area for the adjuster’s review.

· Work closely with the adjuster, providing full loss information

· Ask the adjuster to properly explain flood claim procedures, especially concerning the required Proof of Loss statement

· Contact the NFIP directly to handle any claim payment problems.

COVERING SURFACE WATER AND FLOOD RISKS

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) policies are extremely valuable to owners and occupants of residential and commercial buildings in areas that have experienced devastating flooding. Where coverage under the NFIP is not available, it is critical that insurance professionals be familiar with readily available forms of insurance that cover water damage. The need for protection against water damage has been accentuated by the occurrence of torrential rains and widespread loss to structures and contents from surprising surface water accumulation in places where flooding had been dismissed as improbable.

Basic Coverage Limitations

It is important for personal and commercial insurance buyers to know that damage from:

· surface water accumulations,

· mudslides, and

· flooding caused by rising bodies of water and hurricanes

is not covered under their basic property insurance policies.

Few insurance consumers know that such losses are generally excluded in most insurance policies.

Insurance professionals and their clients can benefit from talking about the catastrophic nature of water/flood damage. Once a client understands the peril represented by floods and surface water, an insurance professional may then suggest appropriate coverage options.

Personal Insurance Options

With regard to personal insurance, homeowner policyholders may supplement their protection. They may add insurance for especially valuable types of personal property on a scheduled "all risks'' basis. This may be done by endorsing Scheduled Personal Property coverage to a Homeowners policy or by securing a separate Personal Articles Floater. The coverage option generally depends upon on the circumstances and company underwriting practice. This additional protection, while subject to its own set of exclusions, typically covers damage by surface water and flooding.

The Vulnerability of High-Valued Personal Property

Certain types of fine arts are especially vulnerable damage or destruction by the surface water risk. Oriental rugs, especially antiques in good condition, are very popular for their beauty but also for their value as investments. Though prized by their owners and given good care, they are frequently displayed on first floor levels. This fact makes them extremely vulnerable to water damage. Don't overlook the danger faced by antique furniture; this property is typically constructed with fragile fabrics and woods that are highly susceptible to water damage. Naturally, paintings, books and collectible cards also face likely irreparable harm if exposed to flood waters.

Scheduling High-Valued Personal Property

The following types of property are widely considered as eligible for the fine arts class and, therefore, are eligible for comprehensive, scheduled insurance protection:

· authentic oriental rugs,

· jewelry,

· furs,

· fur-trimmed jackets and coats,

· stamp collections,

· coin collections,

· silverware,

· guns and rifles,

· antique furniture,

· collectibles, particularly vintage books,

· golf equipment,

· cameras, and

· statues, statuettes, pottery

are among the kinds of personal property most frequently scheduled.

Automobile Insurance

Losses involving water damage illustrate the substantial value of complete physical damage coverage available under automobile policies. Often car owners choose not to carry physical damage coverage (Collision and Other Than Collision) when it is not required by an existing car loan. Car owners who have ever experienced the expense and loss caused by their cars' submersion during flash floods can confirm that this source of loss is an important consideration for continuing to pay for such coverage, even after a loan has been paid off. Cars that have been exposed to significant immersion are often likely to be total losses since water infiltrates and, eventually, ruins electrical and fuel systems. There are also the substantial water-induced problems of contamination and mold.

Business Property

Differences in Condition (DIC) policies are available to businesses to supplement their basic Property insurance. DIC insurance was originally designed for large industrial, manufacturing, and mercantile risks that desired catastrophe coverage for flood, other water damage, collapse, and earthquake or mudslide perils. It operates on a deductible basis, handling perils that are not covered by underlying insurance. In this respect, it acts in the same manner as Umbrella Liability insurance.

Familiar types of Inland Marine insurance are important for certain insureds, regardless whether their business locations are in areas that have been certified for participation under the National Flood Insurance Program. Examples of such inland marine coverages are:

· Contractors Equipment Floaters

· Transportation policies

· Livestock Floaters.

Excess Flood Coverage

There are some sources of private insurance that allow home and business owners to buy coverage that supplements coverage provided by the NFIP. Since NFIP policies for buildings and contents are subject to various maximum amounts, excess coverage can provide an additional layer of protection once the NFIP limits are exhausted by a given claim.

Another Source of Coverage

Of course, the laws are subject to change and are typically hard to understand but, for certain losses, some relief can be found in tax deductions. Typically, personal losses that are uninsured may be deducted from income tax. However, it would be best to contact a qualified accountant for assistance in determining what deduction, if any, may be available for an uninsured loss. In such cases, it is very important to keep accurate records.